Black Women And Feminism By Bell Hooks Ain t I A Woman

Black women have long been oppressed since they first arrived to the American colonies. Bell Hooks’ Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism traces the steps of slavery to the feminist movements in the 1970s. Written from a black feminist perspective, the book examines the impact of sexism during slavery, the devaluation of black womanhood, the imperialism of patriarchy, racism and feminism, and black women and feminism. Hooks attempts to move beyond racist and sexist assumptions regarding black women and to further the dialogue about and understanding of their experience. She presents a historical, social, and political critique of a systemically racist, sexist, and classist society that has excluded black women. Hooks begins with the†¦show more content†¦The racist exploitation of black women as workers either in the field or domestic household was not as dehumanizing and demoralizing as their sexual exploitation. Hooks is able to clearly reveal the differentiation between the status of male slaves and female slaves in the work area. Sexual exploitation of black women continued long after slavery ended and was institutionalized by other oppressive practices. Hooks provides substantial evidence that the continued devaluation of black womanhood after slavery ended was a conscious, deliberate effort on the part of whites to sabotage mounting black female self-confidence and self-respect. She presents the fact that â€Å"White men employed two important myths to brainwash all whites against the newly freed blacks: the myth of the â€Å"bad,† sexually loose black woman and the myth of the black male rapist† (p. 60). By perpetuating the myth that all black women were incapab le of fidelity and sexually loose, whites hoped to devalue them that no white man would marry a black woman. Also, whites hoped to encourage white male rapists and sexual exploiters to take advantage of black women. In addition to these myths, Hooks lists other negative labels that were used to characterize black womanhood: Aunt Jemima, the mammy, and the Sapphire image. The stereotypical image of Aunt Jemima depicted the black woman as passive, longsuffering, and submissive. The mammy image was portrayed with affection by whitesShow MoreRelatedBlack Feminism : A Profound Effect On Society s History3616 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Black Feminism has proven to have a profound effect on society’s history, and is now beginning to impact even more this day and age. Black feminism is broader than what comes to mind. It is an essential component of black struggle against oppression and authority. Generally Black feminism is used to empower and liberate black women. Throughout the years many liberals have tried to exclude and silence black feminist. Black feminist have demanded for social, economic and political equality

The War Of The French Revolution - 1676 Words

It is critically important to gain all benefits of the military history lessons to abstract the aspects of war, which enhance our leadership and capabilities to take the right decision. Therefore, I am going to start with war definition. â€Å"War is an act of force to compel our enemy to do our Will†. During the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, a series of conflicts dominated Europe. These conflicts had its influence on the Europe at that time, but the Napoleonic wars had the most lasting impact on western warfare. The explosion of the French revolution in 1789 is regarded today as an important event in modern history. Different aspects of the French revolution influenced the world affairs today. Therefore, war is an action has a principle to guide the force supported by sustainment, and to compel your enemy you should have the superiority, which comes from the innovation of organization, technology and tactics. Then, from my point of view, the desir e of the people â€Å"nationalism†, which remain the only significant factor, drives the societies to war. Thus, Most of military aspects of western ways warfare have been remain constant since the 17th and 18th century, but the most important aspects that characterize ware fare in the age of Napoleon are innovation, principles of war, and from my point of view, I will add nationalism. First, innovation played a crucial role in determining the outcome of the war, Innovations in organization, technology, andShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The French Revolution899 Words   |  4 PagesBertrand Russell once said, â€Å"war does not determine who is right-only who is left.† A bloodshed event in modern European History, the French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was influenced by enlightenmentRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Civil War2964 Words   |  12 PagesFrench Revolution is the civil war that took place throughout France between July 14, 1789 and July 28th, 1794. The word â€Å"civil war† did not mean only the bourgeois revolution. It included a broader sense than only bourgeois, because it was a whole national revolution for all the people to establish himself as free man, and to hold equal right. The origin of French Revolution are complex (584). There are involve so many connected factors such as political, economic, social, and ideological reasonsRead MoreThe French Revolution And Napoleonic Wars2358 Words   |  10 Pageshistory of Latin American has a bloody past filled with war and hardship. The struggle for independence plays a key role in the history of Latin America and understanding the development that came post-independence. Latin America has struggled with debt and dependence on foreign countrie s. Events that occur in Latin America are often a result of things happening in the Western Hemisphere. Much of Latin America’s fight for independence was fueled by war. Latin America continued to be greatly affected byRead MoreThe Wars During The French Revolution1709 Words   |  7 Pagesable to display them to show their dominance. In Europe, this occurred frequently even before any of the World Wars. The Religious wars of the sixteenth century seemed to accelerate this trend. However, due to the deprivation caused by these wars, the wars during the eighteenth century were more focused on destruction of enemy forces and infrastructure. The wars during the French revolution marked a return to the old ways of looting personal goods, and it was continued by Napoleon and his armies theyRead MoreThe French and Indian War and the American Revolution771 Words   |  3 Pages At a surface level, historical accounts of The French and Indian War and the American Revolution are presented as wars between two sides: The British versus the French and the British verus the Americans, respectively. In each war the aforementioned opposing sides held the most crucial roles in each battle that these wars lead to. However, in this essay I will argue the crucial role of allies of each victorious side and how they were incredbily useful to the defeats of the British in the wildnernessRead MoreAmerican War Of Independence And The French Revolution Essay1755 Words   |  8 PagesLynch and Stillinger attempt to define it historically rather than continuously, naming it the â€Å"shortest †¦ period in British literary history† (3). They place it within the timespan of 1785 to 1832, beginning between the American War of Independence and the French Revolution and ending with the passage of the Reform Act in British Parliament. In this time of reflection and change, authors re-examined the previously discarded medieval romances and breathed new, strange life into them. Romantic art becameRead MoreComparing The American Revolutionary War and The French Revolution894 Words   |  4 Pagesescape religious intolerance. The Huguenots, who were French Protestants, fled to the colonies as well since they were suffering at the hands of the Catholic Church. So both nations had issues with religion. The French were more impacted by the power of the Church and property rights, which is why there was a lot of issues with the Catholic Church. They didn’t appreciate how the Catholic Church did not have to pay taxes. With the French Revolution in France, power went to the state. It was no longerRead MoreThe French Revolu tion: A War of the Social Classes Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was basically a war of the social classes. The middle class believed that in order to gain equality they had to get rid of the privileges that were stopping the progress of their rise in society. To do this they had to gain power within the government and make changes, such as, improving the tax system, creating a fair system of production where profits went to the producer, improving the whole economic system of the government, and plus many more. The revolution was a fightRead MoreFrench and Indian War Provoked the American Revolution Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesThe French and Indian war was the event that provoked the American Revolution. The French and Indian war or Seven years war, lead to certain events that caused Americans to realize that their English liberties were being denied. The French and Indian war caused debts among the British. The British realized that during the war the income from the colonies was insufficient (document F). After the war, the British needed certain ways in which to gain revenue. They imposed taxes on theRead MoreHow the French and Indian War Lead to the American Revolution787 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding traded goods. However, most colonists resorted to smuggling and boycotting items. It was not until the French and Indian War did England begin to strictly enforce these restrictions due to a large war debt. The Sugar Act was one the first acts that had started a domino effect which led to the American Revolution. The French and Indian War mounted when conflicts arose between the French and the British as the English colonists started to settle in 1689 in New France, modern day Canada. This push

Summary Charitable Organization and British Way Free Essays

A summary of the advert that beggars belief. The article â€Å"The advert that beggars belief† by Alexander Chancellor is about beggars in India and Great Britain, they talk about how many beggars there are and what they are using their money on when they get some. Many people try to convince themselves that it’s a stupid idea to give beggars money because they use them quite often on many stupid things. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary: Charitable Organization and British Way or any similar topic only for you Order Now Westminster Council making a campaign there says if you give beggars money you â€Å"actually† are guilty in cause of theirs death. It is a bad campaign because they give a wakeup call to people and says it is a bad thing to give money to beggars and you should not do it, because you don’t know what they are going to use their money on and if you do it you can cause their deaths. They call you to stop giving them money. Give an outline of the carious attitudes to charity as expressed in texts. The four texts show the different views of giving charity, there are many ways to donate money today, from when you give a coin to a beggar you see at the streets to send a text on your mobile phone to a charitable organization. The article â€Å"the advert that beggars belief† has a negative attitude to beggars, in Britain they don’t want to give beggars money because they says it can cause their lives because they use the money on drugs or something like that. In the article â€Å"Charity never dies, it only sleeps† we hear about the British way of thinking to improve our own and our families lives, it is best also to improve the lives of those around us. It is a conservative way to think everyone has to be equal. In the article â€Å"the year of charitainment† they talked about that there are so many charity organizations and you have to focus on one and that helps the famous people with, Angelina Jolie helps to focus on Sierra Leone. Comment on the following statement â€Å"to improve our own and our families’ lives, it is best also to improve the lives of those around us.† In the text â€Å"Charity never dies, it only sleeps† it is the British way of thinking: to improve our own and our families’ lives, it is best also to improve the lives of those around us. It is on way out of many to think that everyone has to be equal, there are many people there think of this, and many people think that you have to be selfish about this, and don’t give money to beggars.    How to cite Summary: Charitable Organization and British Way, Papers

Law of Negligence Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Law of Negligence Tamara. Answer: Advise for Tamara After reviewing the facts that have been given in this case, the matter is if Tamara can be successful if she decides to sue Aldi supermarkets in negligence. In this case, Tamara fell on the floor of the supermarket and suffered injuries on her back. She slipped on the floor because a puddle of ice cream was present on the floor which was not cleaned by the start of the supermarket. As a result of the fall, Tamara had to remain in hospital for many days. The general damages alone were more than $700,000. Now Tamara wants to know if she will be successful if she sues the supermarket in negligence. Similarly, it also needs to be seen if any defenses may be available to the supermarket under the law. The supermarket claims in its defense that they have their duty to member of the stock regularly inspect the aisles. Similarly, any spillage present on the floor was named after every 40 minutes. In this way, the present matter can be decided by applying the principles of negligence and sim ilarly it also needs to be seen if Tamara will be in a position to establish the elements that are necessary for bringing a successful claim in negligence against the defendant. According to the law of negligence, it can be said that a party owes a duty to exercise care towards the other party, negligence is some action of the defendant, which would not be done by any other reasonable person and as a result of which, the claimant has suffered an injury or damage. In order to find out if the defendant was negligent in a particular case or not, and to hold the defendant liable for negligence, the provisions of Civil Liability Act can also be used. When a party has decided that it is going to the other party in negligence, such a party tries to recover financial compensation regarding the loss suffered by it (Hepple, 1997). Hence, the damages that are awarded to the claimant in an action for negligence are granted with a view that the claimant should be placed in the similar position in which he was, if there was no negligence of the defendant. For the purpose of deciding if it can be said that the defendant was negligent in a particular case, the law of neglig ence requires that four elements should be present. Therefore, for bringing a successful action in negligence, the claimant is required to establish in the court that the defendant had a duty of care, there was a breach of this duty, the claimant had suffered damage owing to this breach, and the damage suffered by the claimed can be described as a direct result of this breach of duty (Stapleton, 2003). In this way, for bringing a successful claiming negligence, it is required that the claimant should establish all the above mentioned four elements. If all these elements can be established by the claimant, the action of the claimant will be successful. But if even a single element is not present in a particular case, it cannot be said that the defendant was negligent in such a case (McDonald, 2005). Therefore, in view of the significance of these elements, it becomes important to describe what is the meaning of duty of care? In case of negligence, the duty of care is the legal obligation imposed on the defendant by the law according to which they should refrain from causing any injury or damage to other persons (Barker, 1993). The duty of care of the defendant is present when it is reasonably foreseeable that an injury may be caused to the other person if the defendant fails to exercise reasonable care. The law provides in such cases that the duty of care will be present on part of the defendant only if there is sufficient proximity between the parties. And as a result of this proximity, it can be decided that the defendant owed a duty towards the claimant. For example, the driver of a motor vehicle has a duty towards the other persons who are using the road. Hence, a claimant can be successful in its action in the code in negligence if it can be established that the defendant had breached the of care. The court will consider the relevant standard of care that can be applied in a particular case for deciding if the defendant can be held liable for the breach of duty of care. The relevant standard of care can be decided on the basis of the fact if under the similar circumstances, any reasonable person would have decided within the same way or not. If the court finds out that the actions of the defendant did not match the required standard of care, and therefore they cannot be held to be reasonable, the court may conclude that the defendant has breached its duty of care that he owed to the claimant. As mentioned above, the action of the claimant will be successful if it is found in a particular case that the injury suffered by the claimant was directly caused due to the breach of duty. Therefore, when a person slips on the wet floor, it is clear that the fall and the injuries suffered by such a person are the direct result of the wet floor. On these grounds, in the present case, it can be said that Tamara may have a successful action in negligence against the supermarket. On the other hand, the defense available to the supermarket is the contributory negligence of Tamara. She was also running towards the aisle as only one bar of chocolate was left and another customer was also working towards it. However, if Tamara decides to sue Aldi supermarkets in negligence, she may be successful as there was a breach of duty of care by Aldi supermarkets and the consequence was the injuries suffered by Tamara. References Bob Hepple, (1997) Negligence: The Search for Coherence, 50 Current Legal Problems 69 Jane Stapleton, (1991) Duty of Care and Economic Loss: A Wider Agenda 107 Law Quarterly Review 249 Jane Stapleton, (2003) The Golden Thread at the Heart of Tort Law: Protection of the Vulnerable 24 Australian Bar Review 135 Kit Barker, (1993) Unreliable Assumptions in the Modern Law of Negligence, 109 Law Quarterly Review 461, 483 McDonald, Barbara (2005). Legislative Intervention in the Law of Negligence: The Common

Evolution Charles Darwin Essay Example For Students

Evolution Charles Darwin Essay EVOLUTION TABLE OF CONTENTS PageINTRODUCTION .. 2DARWINIAN THEORY OF EVOLUTION 4THE THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION:CONTRIBUTING ELEMENTS .. 7WALLACES CONTRIBUTIONS .. 13HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE . 15 COMPARISON: LAMARCK vs. DARWIN 16 DARWINS INFLUENCES 20METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC DEDUCTION 23LIMITS TO DARWINS THEORY 25MORPHOLOGICAL ; BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS .. 27BIO-EVOLUTION: POPULATION vs. INDIVIDUALS . 29MECHANISMS FOR GENETIC VARIATION .. 31GENETIC VARIATION AND SPECIATION .. 35DARWINS FINCHES 37SPECIATION vs. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION .. 39CONCEPT OF ADAPTATION . 41PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM 43VALUE/LIMITATIONS: THE THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION . 45ALTERNATE EXPLANATIONS OF BEING 47CONCLUSIONS .. 48INTRODUCTIONTheories explaining biological evolution have been bandied about since the ancient Greeks, but it was not until the Enlightment of the 18th century that widespread acceptance and development of this theory emerged. In the mid 19th century english naturalist Charles Darwin who has been called the father of evolution conceived of the most comprehensive findings about organic evolution ever1. Today many of his principles still entail modern interpretation of evolution. Ive assessed and interpreted the basis of Darwins theories on evolution, incorporating a number of other factors concerning evolutionary theory in the process. Criticism of Darwins conclusions abounds somewhat more than has been paid tribute to, however Darwins findings marked a revolution of thought and social upheaval unprecedented in Western consciousness challenging not only the scientific community, but the prominent religious institution as well. Another revolution in science of a lesser nature was !also spawned by Darwin, namely the remarkable simplicity with which his major work The Origin of the Species was written straightforward English, anyone capable of a logical argument could follow it also unprecedented in the scientific community (compare this to Isaac Newtons horribly complex work taking the scientific community years to interpret2). Evolutionary and revolutionary in more than one sense of each word. Every theory mentioned in the following reading, in fact falls back to Darwinism. DARWINIAN THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONModern conception of species and the idea of organic evolution had been part of Western consciousness since the mid-17th century (a la John Ray)3, but wide-range acceptance of this idea, beyond the bounds of the scientific community, did not arise until Darwin published his findings in 19584. Darwin first developed his theory of biological evolution in 1938, following his five-year circumglobal voyage in the southern tropics (as a naturalist) on the H.M.S. Beagle, and perusal of one Thomas Malthus An Essay on the Principle of Population which proposed that environmental factors, such as famine and disease limited human population growth5. This had direct bearing on Darwins theory of natural selection, furnishing him with an enhanced conceptualization of the survival of the fittest the competition among individuals of the same species for limited resources the missing piece to his puzzle6. For fear of contradicting his fathers beliefs, Darwin did not publish his find!ings until he was virtually forced after Alfred Wallace sent him a short paper almos t identical to his own extensive works on the theory of evolution. The two men presented a joint paper to the Linnaean Society in 1958 Darwin published a much larger work (a mere abstract of my material) Origin of the Species a year later, a source of undue controversy and opposition (from pious Christians)7, but remarkable development for evolutionary theory. Their findings basically stated that populations of organisms and individuals of a species were varied: some individuals were more capable of obtaining mates, food and other means of sustenance, consequently producing more offspring than less capable individuals. Their offspring would retain some of these characteristics, hence a disproportionate representation of successive individuals in future generations. Therefore future generations would tend have those characteristics of more accommodating individuals8. This is the basis of Da!rwins theory of natural selection: those individuals incapable of adapting to change are eliminated in future generations, selected against. Darwin observed that animals tended to produce more offspring than were necessary to replace themselves, leading to the logical conclusion that eventually the earth would no longer be able to support an expanding population. As a result of increasing population however, war, famine and pestilence also increase proportionately, gener ally maintaining comparatively stable population9. Twelve years later, Darwin published a two-volume work entitled The Descent of Man, applying his basic theory to like comparison between the evolutionary nature of man and animals and how this related to socio-political development man and his perception of life. It is through the blind and aimless progress of natural selection that man has advance to his present level in love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc. as well as progres s in k!nowledge morals and religion10. Here is where originated the classic idea of the evolution of man from ape, specifically where he contended that Africa was the cradle of civilization. This work also met with opposition but because of the impact of his revolutionary initial work this opposition was comparatively muted11. A summary of the critical issues of Darwins theory might be abridged into six concise point as follows:1 Variation among individuals of a species does not indicate deficient copies of an ideal prototype as suggested by the platonic notion of Eidos. The reverse is true: variation is integral to the evolutionary process. 2 The fundamental struggle in nature occurs within single species population to obtain food, interbreed, and resist predation. The struggle between different species (ie. fox vs. hare) is less consequential. 3 The only variations pertinent to evolution are those which are inherited. 4 Evolution is an ongoing process which must span many moons to become detectably apparent. 5 Complexity of a species may not necessarily increase with the evolutionary process it may not change at all, even decrease. 6 Predator and prey have no underlying purpose for maintenance of any type of balance natural selection is opportunistic and irregular12. THE THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: CONTRIBUTING ELEMENTSThe scientific range of biological evolution is remarkably vast and can be used to explain numerous observations within the field of biology. Generally, observation of any physical, behaviourial, or chemical change (adaptation) over time owing directly to considerable diversity of organisms can be attributed to biological evolution of species. It might also explain the location (distribution) of species throughout the planet. Naturalists can hypothesize that if organisms are evolving through time, then current species will differ considerably from their extinct ancestors. The theory of biological evolution brought about the idea for a record of the progressive changes an early, extinct species underwent. Through use of this fossil record paleontologists are able to classify species according to their similarity to ancestral predecessors, and thereby determine which species might be related to one another. Determination of the age of each fossil will concurrently indicate the rate of evolution, as well as precisely which ancestors preceded one another and consequently which characteristics are retained or selected against. Generally this holds true: probable ancestors do occur earlier in the fossil record, prokaryotes precede eukaryotes in the fossil record. There are however, significant missing links throughout the fossil record resulting from species that were, perhaps, never fossilized never!theless i t is relatively co mpatible with the theory of evolution13. It can be postulated that organisms evolving from the same ancestor will tend to have similar structural characteristics. New species will have modified versions of preexisting structures as per their respective habitats (environmental situations). Certainly these varying species will demonstrate clear differentiation in important structural functions, however an underlying similarity will be noted in all. In this case the similarity is said to be homologous, that is, structure origin is identical for all descended species, but very different in appearance. This can be exemplified in the pectoral appendages of terrestrial vertebrates: Initial impression would be that of disparate structure, however in all such vertebrates four distinct structural regions have been defined: the region nearest the body (humerus connecting to the pectoral girdle, the middle region (two bones, radius and ulna are present), a third region the hand of several bones (carpal and metacarpal, and !region of digits or finger s. Current species might also exhibit similar organ functions, but are not descended from the same ancestor and therefore different in structure. Such organisms are said to be analogous and can be exemplified in tetrapods, many containing similar muscles but not necessarily originating from the same ancestor. These two anatomical likenesses cannot be explained without considerable understanding of the theory of organic evolution14. Jack Londons To Build A Fire: Theme EssayThe integral relevance for employment of the Hardy-Weinberg principle is its illustration of expected frequencies where populations are evolving. Deviation from these projected frequencies indicates evolution of the species may be occurring. Allele and genotype frequencies are typically modified per each successive generation and never in ideal Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These modifications may be the result of natural selection, but (particularly among small populations) may simply result from random circumstance. They might also arise form immigration of individuals form other populations where gene frequencies will be unique, or form individuals who do not randomly choose mates from their wide-ranged species26. COMPARISON: LAMARCK vs. DARWINDespite the lack of respect lamarckian theory was dealt at the hands of the early evolution-revolutionaries, the enormous influence it had on numerous scientists, including Lyell, Darwin and the developers of the Hardy-Weinberg theory cannot be denied. Jean Lamarck, a French biologist postulated the theory of an inherent faculty of self-improvement by his teaching that new organs arise form new needs, that they develop in proportion to how often they are used and that these acquisitions are handed down from one generation to the next (conversely disuse of existing organs leads to their gradual disappearance). He also suggested that non-living matter was spontaneously created into the less complex organisms who would evolve over time into organisms of greater and greater complexity. He published his conclusions in 1802, then later (1909) released an expanded form entitled Philosophie zoologique. The English public was first exposed to his findings when Ly ell popularized them wi!th his usual flair for writ ing, but because the influential Lyell also openly criticized these findings they were never fully accepted27. Darwins own theories were based on those of older evolutionists and the principle of descent with modification, the principle of direct or indirect action of the environment on an individual organism, and a wavering belief in Lamarcks doctrine that new characteristics acquired by the individual through use or disuse are transferred to its descendants. Darwin basically built around this theory, adding that variation occurs in the passage each progressive generation. Lamarcks findings could be summarized by stating that it is the surrounding environment that has direct bearing on the evolution of species. Darwin instead contested that it was inter-species strife the will to power or the survival of the fittest28. Certainly Lamarck was looking to the condition of the sexes: the significantly evolved difference of musculature between male and females can probably be more easily explained by Lamarckian theory than Darwinian. There was actually quite a remarkable similarity between the con clusions of D arwins grandfather, Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck Lamarck himself only mentioned Erasmus in a footnote, and with virtual contempt. The fact is neither Lamarck nor Darwin ever proposed a means by which species traits were passed on, although Lamarck is usually recalled as one of those hopelessly erroneous scientists of past it was merely the basis for his conclusions that were hopelessly out of depth the conclusions were remarkably accurate29. DARWINS INFLUENCESIn 1831 a young Charles Darwin received the scientific opportunity of lifetime, when he was invited to take charge f the natural history side of a five year voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle, which was to sail around the world, particularly to survey the coast of South America. Darwins reference material consisted of works of Sir Charles Lyell, a British geologist (he developed a concept termed uniformitarianism which suggested that geological phenomena could be explained by prevailing observations of natural processes operating over a great spans of time he has been accused synthesizing the works of others30) who was the author of geologic texts that were required reading throughout the 19th century including Principals of Geology, which along with his own findings (observing the a large land shift resulting from an earthquake), convinced him of geological uniformitarianism, hypothesizing for example, that earthquakes were responsible for the formation of mountains. Dar win faith!fully maintained this method of interpreting facts by seeking explanations of past events by observing occurrences in present time throughout his life31. The lucid writing style of Lyell and straightforward conclusions influence all of his work. When unearthing remains of extinct animals in Argentina he noted that their remains more closely resembled those of contemporary South American mammals than any other animals in the world. He noted that existing animals have a close relation in form with extinct species, and deduced that this would be expected if the contemporary species had evolved form South American ancestors not however, if thereexisted an ideal biota for each environment. When he arrived on the Galapagos islands (islands having been formed at about the same time and characteristically similar), he was surprised to observe unique species to each respective island, particularly tortoises which possessed sufficiently differentiated shells to tell them apart. !F rom these observations he concluded that the tortoises cou ld only have evolved on the islands32. Thomas Robert Malthus was an English economist and clergyman whose work An Essay on the Principal of Population led Darwin to a more complete understanding of density dependent factors and the struggle in nature. Malthus noted that there was potential for rapid increase in population through reproduction but that food cannot increase as fast as population can, and therefore eventuality will allow less food per person, the less able dying out from starvation or sickness. Thus did Malthus identify population growth as an obstacle to human progress and pedalled abstinence and late marriage in his wake. For these conclusions he came under fire from the Enlightment movement which interpreted his works as opposing social reform33. Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Darwin, was an unconventional, freethinking physician and poet who expressed his ardent preoccupation for the sciences through poetry. In the poem Zoonomia he initiated the idea that evolution of an organism results from environmental implementation. This coupled with a strong influence from the similar conclusions of Lamarck shaped Darwins perception on the environments inherent nature to mould and shape evolutionary form34. METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC DEDUCTIONEarly scientists, particularly those in the naturalist field derived most of their conclusions from observed, unproven empirical facts. Without the means of logically explaining scientific theory, the hypothesis was incurred an educated guess to be proven through experimentation. Darwin developed his theory of natural selection with a viable hypothesis, but predicted his results merely by observing that which was available. Following Lyells teaching, using modern observations to determine what occurred in the past, Darwin developed theories that only made sense logical from the point of view of the human mind (meaning it was based on immediate human perception) but decidedly illogical from a purely scientific angle. By perusing the works of Malthus did Darwin finally hit upon his theory of natural selection not actually questioning these conclusions because they fit so neatly into his own puzzle. Early development of logical, analytic scientific theo ry did not occur u!ntil the advent of philosophe r Rene Descartes in the mid-17th century (I think therefore I am35). Natural selection was shown to be sadly lacking where it could not account for how characteristics were passed down to new generations36. Philosophy Essays

The Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell Essays -

The Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell The short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell is about the hunter and the hunted but later in the story it becomes ironic because it turns into a game were the hunter becomes the hunted. It turns into a chase of competition and of survival. Two sailors Rainsford and his partner Whitney sailed in to the darkness of the of sea. Their purpose was to hunt, they called it the greatest sport. They were hunters and headed to the Amazon to hunt vicious animals such as Jaguars, and tigers. They sailed to an island called Ship-Trap Island. Sailors feared this island and had curious dread of such a scarry place. The sky was filled with darkness when suddently he heard Three gun shots that were fired, and heard them again and again. Then he heard a scream while smoking a pipe when suddently the pipe fell and as he tried to reach for it he whent down into the sea were the waves swallowed his screams. Nobody could have heard him as the ocean swallowed his screams and the only chance of survival was to swim. Rainsford swam towards the screams and ended up in the Island. He walked on the shoreline and later found a place that looked like a mansion. There he met General Zaroff who bought the island to hunt. He was indeed a sporstman who invented a new sensation of the hunting game. His game was to train those men who's ships were wrecked and ended up in that island, and then provide them with food and a knife for three days. Once they were trained they were led out into the island as a head start while Zaroff chase after them and tried to hunt them down. If They survived during those three days they had won the game and they were let free but in the other case if they were found they were killed. Zaroff never lost the game so if one of the men being hunted was about to survive he would release the hounds to chased after them. Rainsford rested and the next morning had a dispute with Zaroff and told him that this hunting style was to brutal. In this argument Zaroff got mad and at this point in the story Raisford became the hunted. He was let loose into the island were he was to prepare himself for the most dangerous game of his life, the survival of the fittest. The first night was panicking and worried Rainsford as he hidded on top of a tree. The next day he set up a trap but Zaroff did'nt fall for it and he almost got caught when Zaroff was right next to the bushes were Rainsford was hiding. the last day he set up a pitfall and while Zarroff and his servant were serching, his servant unfortunately fell into the pit. Rainsford got out of the Island trying to escape by swimming out into the ocean and swam back to the mansion and when Zaroff returned Rainsford switched the game around and proposed him to become the hunted. I like this short story because Rainsford was wise in making traps wich allowed Zaroff to take more time trying to find him and did them successfully wich helped him survive those three days. I also liked how the story ended it was kind of ironic the way Rainsfored changed the game around and became the hunter and Zaroff became the hunted. I thought it was a good idea because this way Zaroff would realise that his game of hunting people was wrong and this would teach him a lesson.

Susan Reynoldss Attack on the Concepts of Feudalism Supported by F.L. Ganshof and Marc Bloch