`` Animal Rights, Human Wrongs `` By Tom Regan - 893 Words

Everyday individuals attempt to utilize a argument to influence individuals on a certain point which intrigues them or they are attempting to demonstrate to the world the true importance of something. In Animal Rights,Human Wrongs. writer Tom Regan discuss shows us how whales and many different animals are murdered on Earth utilizing his knowledge, records he observed and even realistic accounts of how some of these creatures are tormented and slaughtered by people. In his arguement he utilizes clear example of ethos because of his subtle descriptions and facts in light of his encounters. Another supporting detail in his arguement are the terms logos and pathos in which he utilizes these to clarify observer records and facts of what is done to the creatures and he uses meetings of other individuals to give descriptions on how all killings happen. Regan is extremely educated in the way that he comprehends what the laws state and which zones the majority of these killings happen in. Toward the start of his contention he starts by discussing how certain types of creatures are protected by agreement of the member nations of the lnternational Whaling Commission (Regan 555). In this quote, Regan utilizes ethos by expressing which organization of people are depended upon for perserving the species that s facing extinction. He provides us clear details on how the butchers of these whales work and he offers a perspective of how the teams that do these executions work in theShow MoreRelated Animal Rights, Human Wrongs vs. The Damned Human Race Essay544 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Rights, Human Wrongs vs. The Damned Human Race â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"The Damned Human Race† by Mark Twain are more similar than different. Both of the authors are informing the readers about the mentality of some human beings in regard to animals. One of the authors, Tom Regan provides several examples of the tactics man uses to harm animals. Mark Twain’s method compares so called lower animal to the human being. In both stories, the way that man treats animals isRead MoreAnimal Rights, Human Wrongs929 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Animal and Human Rights Should animals be used for humans joy or prosperity? People still are yet to agree on if animals should be basically used for anything that humans want, or if animals deserve their own rights. The viewpoint from animal believers is that there are no advantages fro using animals, but from a scientist and researchers viewpoint animals can be helped and are necessary for human’s existence. In both essays, â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"Proud to beRead MoreAnimal Rights: Comparing the Views of Hasselstrom and Regan Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pages1103-39 24 October 2011 Animal Rights: Comparing the Views of Hasselstrom and Regan Imagine an animal’s feeling of panic and fear as it is about to be killed by a hunter or the isolation experienced as an animal sits in a laboratory, separated from its family and natural habitat, waiting to be harmed by harsh testing methods. Imagine the frightened state of a mother or father watching their innocent baby being captured. After considering the brutality towards animals in these scenarios, take intoRead MoreDo Animals Have A Say?: Comparative Analysis of Animal Rights, Human Wrongs and Proud to be Speciecist1188 Words   |  5 Pagesof animal testing for human advantages has always been a debatable topic. It is still undecided whether the use of animals for human benefits is morally right. On the other hand it is scientists and researchers who think that animals are good testing subjects because of various reasons such as preventing harmful products or finding cures to diseases. The two essays â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"P roud to be Speciesist† by Stephen Rose talk about the concerns of animal rights butRead MoreCan It Be Morally Permissible At Eat Meat When Plant Based Foods Are Available?1557 Words   |  7 Pagesavailable? In this paper my aim is it to explain why this is morally wrong to do. One problem with eating meat is humans are putting animals in unnecessary pain. Another problem is that the majority of our environmental destruction on our planet is due to agriculture. Philosophers Peter Singer and Tom Regan, both back up this view with their own arguments. It doesn’t make sense to eat meat when there is no need to do so. Humans can live long, happy, and healthy lives on an all plant-based food dietRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Research Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesPHILOSOPHY 106 - Is the use of Animals in Biomedical Research Morally Justified? Animals have been treated immorally since the beginning of time, this is shown by hunting, farming, trapping, testing of products and biomedical research etc. As humans, majority of us claim animals as our resources as we use them for eating, making clothing, (leather and fur jackets, shoes) working animals, as a means of transport, animal testing etc. In this essay I will discuss the use of animals in biomedical researchRead MoreThe Debate On Animal Rights910 Words   |  4 Pagesof thought on animal protection. First, is the tenet that animals should have rights and the second, more radical view, is that animals should be liberated. Many of the rights that are promoted for animals are similar to the rights of human democratic societies. The basic rights, which are recommended by a number of advocates, are that animals should be free from suffering, be in possession of their own life, and their basic interests should be given the same consideration as humans (Taylor, 2009)Read More Animals want People to Stop the Cruelty541 Words   |  2 PagesAnimal cruelty has been going on for years at a time. With the illegal hunting of animals and cruel test given upon them it makes you wonder if anybody really cares about what is being done to animals. Author of â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs†, Tom Regan, discusses the cruelty of what several animals go through and what people are doing about it. In this selection Regan tries to appeal to the emotions of the reader, gives facts on the things that are being done by people to animals, and tries to establishRead MoreAnimal Testing As A Tool For Growth Among Many Industries1358 Words   |  6 PagesSince you were born animal testing was used in your everyday products. The Pampers, Band-Aids, and Visine you purchased were all animal tested products. Every year, millions of animals go through painful experiments usually resulting in death. Normally, scientists use animals to determine and refine a variety of drug s, vaccines, cosmetics, and other chemicals. In the past 50 years, the United States used animal testing as a tool for growth among many industries. With 80 million animals painfully killedRead MoreThe Importance Of Animal Rights1975 Words   |  8 PagesThe subject matter at hand, is whether animals should have rights or not? Following two opposing views by Tom Regan and Carl Cohen. However, before getting into more detail on their positions, what exactly is animal rights? As simple as it may seem, animal rights is exactly defined by its own term. Animal rights is simply moral privileges that should be considered for all non-human animals due to the fact that it is typically argued that these non-human animals encompass some form of emotional pain

A Penny Saved - 976 Words

A penny saved is a penny earned is one of the most well-known sayings in American culture, or, perhaps, used to be one of the most well-known sayings in America. According to Jenny Che, an associate business editor at The Huffington Post, America has a serious problem when it comes to financial literacy and the problem starts with the kids in the school system who are not being taught how to manage money. Che states in her April 2016 blog post titled, â€Å"America Is Not Teaching Kids How To Manage Money. And That’s A Problem,† that the United States was ranked far lower than most people would expect when it comes to financial literacy, and little is being done to resolve this issue. Through alarming observations and data, Che successfully makes her point: America is not integrating financial curriculum into their education system, and this must change. Although Che’s post is fewer than 500 words, she presents an impressive amount of well supported information. A large portion of her post focuses on recent studies and research to back her argument, building ethos. All of the sources have been published in very recent years, adding a consistent and current time period to her argument. She poses statistics such as the amount of debt American students have accumulated, the staggering number of people who are behind on their loan payments, and the small number of schools who are actively incorporating financial education curriculum into their system. She references an extensiveShow MoreRelatedA Penny Saved Is A Penny Earned Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesFRUGALITY â€Å"A penny saved is a penny earned† this was one of the Franklin’s thirteen virtue that was meant to make people aware about frugality and thrift and help them to manage their economic and financial status. Frugality means acquiring goods and services in a restrained manner, and resourcefully using already owned economic goods and services, to achieve a longer term goal. Nowadays, this virtue is not applied by the Americans in their lifestyle like it was used to because they are much moreRead MoreStudent Outcomes : The Student Will Develop Strategies For Solving A Variety Of Addition And Subtraction Story Problems Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesusing money. (15 minutes) b). Investigation/Presentation The teacher will then display the following two word problems using the overhead (Elmo) Lizbeth saved 13 pennies. Then her mom gave her 12 more pennies. How many pennies does she have now? Levi had 25 pennies. Then he gave 13 pennies to Joshua. How many pennies does Levi have left? What do you notice about the two problems? Allow time for student thinking. Turn and talk with your partner about what you notice. Allow time forRead MoreAnalysis Of Where I m Calling From 1011 Words   |  5 Pagesis constantly reminded of his personal adventures through Joe Penny’s narration (Verley 91). Joe Penny is a man in his thirties and he is also an alcoholic. In the story, the narrator empathizes with Joe Penny because he is just like him. Joe Penny possesses an element that is in common with the narrator, an element that is beyond their alcoholism and presence at the rehabilitation facility. Joe Penny was dropped off at a rehabilitation center by his father-in-law and he tells a group of people howRead MoreNo Need for Pennies in Our Economy Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesor bills. Do we use pennies for virtually any transactions? The answer is no, we don’t. Consequently, the penny is far and away the least useful monetary value we have. Pennies are ineffici ent and should be cut out of the currency. The rationale behind this conclusion is simple: the price tag of minting a penny is more than one cent. Unfortunately for the penny, two other reasons prove that we require it no longer. The first reason is that not only will the removal of pennies make us more effectiveRead MoreThe Price Of The Prices1058 Words   |  5 PagesBenjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"A penny saved is a penny earned. Unfortunately, that idea no longer applies to modern society. There isn t really much saving or earning with today s penny. This is to do with the rising high melt value that is branded with the currency. Essentially, producing the penny costs more than what the penny is actually worth. The copper and zinc that are used to make the coin are more valuable than its value as currency. The one-cent coin doesn’t have the purchasing powerRead MoreFunctions Of Currency And Currency1355 Words   |  6 PagesThere is controversy over the penny in t he United States. Some people believe that the U.S government should keep the penny in circulation and continue to make them but other people think that the U.S should just get rid of pennies. There are valid points to both arguments which is why it is so controversial. The main reason why people believe the penny should be eliminated is because of the cost of pennies for the United States government. The price of making each penny costs the government 1.5 centsRead MorePersonal Narrative : A Penny s Promise1402 Words   |  6 PagesA Penny’s Promise See a penny pick it up and all day you’ll have good luck! That was and still is a mantra of hope for many, including myself. It is one taught to children in schools across America as a way to encourage positive saving habits. On a bad day, if I find a penny my mood changes and my spirit lightens. My relationship with pennies heightened as I began middle school and realized the true value of this tiny coin. Day after day, I found pennies under couches and behind doors. I collectedRead More Economy Essays808 Words   |  4 Pageswhatever they wish. Our country right now is at an all time high for spending, despite some of the happenings on September 11th. This is not necessarily a good thing. You have heard the old saying, â€Å"a penny saved is a penny earned†, well that is exactly what people are now saving. One penny is now being saved for every $10 worth of income. Our country has one of the lowest savings rates of any industrialized country in the world. When we retire, we will have to live on things like social security. As youRead MoreThe Value Of The Pennies : The One Cent Coins That Make No Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pennies: The One-cent Coins that Make No â€Å"Cent† Throughout ages, humans have developed civilizations in which we plant, we grow, we produce and we trade. During the development of each culture, people also developed various methods to enhance the flow and exchange of goods and services within the country and abroad. Mankind have moved away from barter to commodity monies such as seashells, stones, arrowheads†¦ and eventually we introduced the banknotes and the coins, the two convenient mediaRead MoreU.s. Mint Should Discontinue The Penny1604 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent times the U.S. penny has become a heated topic for debate. The issue people debate is whether the U.S. mint should discontinue the penny. Most Americans seem to have a definite opinion about this topic. Both sides of the argument have increasing support and a numerous amount of legitimate reasons to support their argument. In my opinion pennies are a nuisance and do not really offer enough value, therefore the U.S. Mint should discontinue the production o f the penny. The U.S. Mint was established

Ethnicity and Stratification - 2065 Words

Introduction The issue of ethnicity and stratification is of importance in Canadian society because it addresses the relationship between ethnic and racial stratification. Since Canada is so culturally diverse, it is important to know what motivates various ethnic groups to strive for success and how social stratification plays a significant role in this process. In Canada, the opportunity for training and furthering ones level of education is promising for individuals of all ethnicities. Providing there is some form of stratification system within society, it is likely that individuals will view this inequality as a motivational factor to undergo sacrifices and receive additional training for these jobs. This will facilitate†¦show more content†¦The Functional Theory of Stratification Social stratification refers to a system with conventional rules behind the ranking of individuals and groups, which theories of social stratification are meant to uncover and understand. The existence of a system of social stratification also implies some form of validity of the ranking of people and the unequal distribution of valued goods, services, and prestige (Kerbo, 2006). The functional theory of stratification introduced by Davis and Moore attempts to explain the necessity of inequality in societies with a complex division of labor. The Davis-Moore theory declares that if the more important, highly skilled, and physically and psychologically demanding positions in a complex division of labor are to be adequately filled both from the standpoint of numbers and of minimally efficient performance, then there must be some unequal rewards favoring these positions over others (Wong, 2006). This theory generates three assumptions: the first is that some jobs are more important than others are, second, people must make sacrifices to train for important jobs and third inequality is required to motivate people to undergo sacrifices to train for these important jobs (Brym, 2010). The first assumption, which states: some jobs are more important than others are (Brym, 2010). This means that certain positions in any societyShow MoreRelatedRace And Ethnicity Are Affected By Stratification938 Words   |  4 PagesBefore one might explain how race and ethnicity are affected by stratification. You first have to understand race and ethnicity in its self. Many people including me before I took this class thought they were the same thing. Racial groups are a group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. An example of this is I come from Somalia but in the United States my race would be defined as black or African American. Ethnicity or ethnic groups are groups set apart from othersRead MoreSocial Stratification And Gender, Ethnicity, And General Attractiveness1429 Words   |  6 PagesHistorically, different physiological traits have correlated to specific allotments of form of capital and therefore, to the social stratification system. P articularly, traits like gender, ethnicity, and general attractiveness are all determinants to an person being socially stratified in a cohort. Social stratification is a placement into a social position that can offer a spectrum of social effects. These effects are generally considered positive, if the individual has a higher placement on theRead MoreSocial Stratification : Social Class, Ethnicity, Age, And Gender1074 Words   |  5 Pages It is in the human nature to be social beings, and have a social identity. Social stratification is the organization of individuals into social groups based on their access to basic needs. Aspects that affect social stratification are wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth is the amount of currency or goods that an individual or family owns. This can include money, houses, livestock, etc. Power is the ability for one to achieve their goals regardless of opposition. Wealth is directly related toRead MoreSocial Stratification in Modern Capitalis t Societies1457 Words   |  6 PagesA. Educational system reproduces systems of social stratification in modern capitalist societies. Analyze this statement by addressing the following questions/topics; 1. What is social stratification? Why are class, caste, gender and ethnicity considered to be systems of stratification? Answer- Social stratification is the division of society into different groups in a pattern of ranking. In simple sentence, social stratification means inequalities between different groups of peopleRead MoreSocial Stratification in Modern Capitalist Societies1447 Words   |  6 PagesA. Educational system reproduces systems of social stratification in modern capitalist societies. Analyze this statement by addressing the following questions/topics; 1. What is social stratification? Why are class, caste, gender and ethnicity considered to be systems of stratification? Answer- Social stratification is the division of society into different groups in a pattern of ranking. In simple sentence, social stratification means inequalities between different groups of peopleRead MoreStratification : Social, Class, And Caste1197 Words   |  5 PagesStratification: Social, Economic, Class, and Caste Social stratification is made up of hierarchical relationships among different groups of people. It is as though people are arranged in strata, or layers. Groups may be unequal with material resources, power, human welfare, education, and symbolic attributes. This social stratification began with the emergence of agriculture, but is now universally present. Stratification can be broken up into categories such as class, caste, age, and indigeneityRead MoreSociology : White Privilege, Stratification ( Marx + Weber ) And Racial Sterotyping Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesSociology 100: Social autobiography – Cameron McNae -8255593 Concepts: White Privilege, Stratification (Marx+Weber) and Racial Sterotyping As I stood upon the stage at Nelson College, receiving my 2013 prefect honours, I took a moment to consider my surroundings. I looked upon the hall of over 1000 young men in front of me, and saw people of all colours, backgrounds and cultures. A ‘diverse group of students from over 50 countries’ as the school administration never failed to remind us. HoweverRead MoreSsci 316 Study Guide Answers Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagessociety were to simply note that different groups are different, without an overt or implied status hierarchy, the issues of inequality would not be as important as they are today 2. Are race and ethnicity the only types of inequality in the US today? diversity in US today is not limited to ethnicity, race – other factors: social class (SES or socio-economic status), education, size of group, religion, language As defined in this class what do the terms ‘majority’ and ‘minority’ refer to? (understandRead MoreGender Stratification : The Classification Of People Based On Their Biological Features984 Words   |  4 PagesGender stratification refers to the classification of people based on their biological features such as their sex. The term â€Å"gender stratification† is generally used to refer to the situation in which men are valuable than women. In this situation, men have greater access to prestige, wealth, and power in a society. Different societies tend to have different levels of gender stratification. In the United States, the main consequence of gender stratification is economic and social inequality betweenRead MoreSocial Stratification1589 Words   |  7 PagesASSESS THE APPLICABILITY OF THE CONFLICT THEORY IN EXPLAINING STRATIFICATION. ‘Stratification’ is a term used to characterize a structure of inequality where individuals occupy differentiated structural positions and the positions are situated in layers (or strata) that are ranked hierarchically according to broadly recognized standards .( Durlauf 1999) The conflict theory in relation to social stratification argues that stratification,†reflects the distribution of power in society and is therefore

The Effects Of Bipolar Disorder On The Development Of Self

Bipolar Disorder is described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) as a mood disorder with manic symptoms. Individuals with the disorder may swing between periods of depression and mania. Bipolar disorder has subtypes characterized by the frequency and intensity of manic and depressive episodes. Onset typically occurs when one is a young adult, but can often occur during the early teen years. There are numerous developmental considerations to early onset Bipolar disorder which are further examined in our supplemental readings for class. This appears to be an area in much need of further research especially to discover and develop interventions which will assist young adults during this critical and complex†¦show more content†¦They chose this topic because it has not been researched much. The qualitative study examined how a sense of self and or an identity develops for those with the disorder. Psychosocial development is a challenge in itself for most teens. In this study the researchers described finding that bipolar disorder made this developmental process more challenging. According to, Inder et al. (2008), â€Å"Bipolar disorder created experiences of confusion, contradiction, and self-doubt which made it difficult for these participants to establish continuity in their sense of self.† They continued to describe how living with the disorder can be di sruptive and prevent one from looking at themselves as separate from their condition. Their results showed the importance of viewing bipolar disorder within a psychosocial developmental framework. By doing so, one can consider the impact of the disorder on the developing self-identity. This study discovered that there is a need to utilize interventions that would help individuals not focus on themselves related to their illness but instead to foster increased self-acceptance and integration which would then develop a stronger self and identity. During the course of this study the researcher used an interview and interpretation process which allowed them to garner common themes from their interview responses. They found that the disorder has a profound impact in a variety of areas. Themes emerged that included

Kafka on the Shore free essay sample

Commentary on Kafka On The Shore Childhood is an important part in each and every one of our lives. It has a huge impact on our character, personality and even sociability as we grow up. Some of us who come from good, stable family backgrounds would have pleasant memories from our childhood while some others who faced the cruelty of life at a young age would hate to even think of their childhood. In this excerpt from Kafka on The Shore by Haruki Murakami, the author writes about a 15-year old Kafka’s childhood. It shows the kind of relationship the boy shared with his father and his personality.I will be writing about how language is used in this excerpt to tell us about the boy and his childhood. The author uses imagery in this excerpt. For example he says ‘My sister’s looking off to one side so half her face is in shadow’. We will write a custom essay sample on Kafka on the Shore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This gives a mysterious feel to the sister and tells us that she probably was a significant figure to the boy. Furthermore he writes, ‘hers a floral-print one-piece, mine a baggy old blue trunks’. The author describes the sister such that she seems better dressed and better looking than Kafka.It suggests that he looks up to his sister and thinks highly of her. It also shows the love that he has for his sister as he decides to take that picture along with him. He also mentions that he is ‘staring straight ahead, undaunted’ in the picture. He then asks himself ‘how could I have looked so happy’ referring to the same picture. By considering him to be happy in the picture; it shows the extent of unhappiness he has with his family and life at the moment. Kafka started planning for his run away from home since his junior high years.He took steps in order to prepare for it by practicing judo and training in the gym from that time itself. This shows how clear he was about his decision to run away from home. He knew exactly what he wanted to do and was very certain about it and also worked towards it. Thus Kafka is an emotionally strong person. Despite having family problems at such a young age, he did not go into depression but rather took action to fight against it. In the ninth paragraph, Kafka says that he barely talks to anyone, ‘other than the bare minimum required to get by at school-I barely talk to anyone’.This shows his preference to be in solitude. It could be due to the fact that he grew up alone with his father and didn’t spend much time with his father either. He also says that he didn’t join any school teams. This is to avoid attention from others and to keep a low-profile. His preference to have a low profile could be due to low self-esteem and a lack of confidence. The excerpt tells us that he takes an old gold lighter when he leaves home because ‘I like the design and feel of it’.This shows that he takes comfort and even reassurance in an object, which he can trust no matter what as it couldn’t hurt him emotionally. It reflects the insecurity in the boy. Kafka also says, ‘I’ve built a wall around me, never letting anybody inside and trying not to venture out myself’. This further is proof to show his preference to be left alone and by not letting anyone become close to him also the insecurity that he has. He is afraid that if he lets anyone through his wall, he would only get hurt and be let down by them. Since young he grew up alone dealing with the separation of his mother and father. This could have lead to his insecurity along with all the other hardships he went through. In conclusion, from the excerpt u can tell that Kafka is a matured 15-year old that has gone through emotional hardships due to the lack of attention from his dad and separated family. He is insecure and prefers to be left alone, like how he grew up alone without a proper family. You can also conclude that he and his father do not get along well with each other.

Article Review

Question: Discuss about the Herapeutic Options for Reducing BP in Elderly Patients with ISH. Answer: Introduction Elderly people with hypertension have high rate of sodium sensitivity and isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). People above the age of 50 years have more risk of rise in systolic pressure and decrease in diastolic pressure resulting in ISH. In ISH, systolic pressure is greater than140 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is less than 90 mm Hg (1). The rise in systolic blood pressure creates risk of cardiovascular disease as well as renal disease. ISH is also seen in conditions of high cardiac output such as hyperthyroidism, aortic insufficiency, anemia and arteriovenous fistula. The condition is most prevalent in elderly due to decrease elasticity of the arteries, degradation of arterial elastin and accumulation of arterial calcium (2). Increased arterial stiffness seen due to systolic hypertension is a major health economic burden for aging society as it elevates morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. There are many treatment options for ISH in elderly which may in volve pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options. The purpose of this report is to explore research articles related to therapeutic interventions for treatment of ISH in elderly and determine the advantages and disadvantages of each approach for recovery of elderly patients. Methodology and results The review of recent literature related to therapeutic treatment options for ISH suggest three possible interventions for reducing blood pressure in older patients. These include cholecalciferol treatment, arteriovenous anastomosis and other pharmacological intervention. One of the research article used placebo-controlled randomized trial method to investigate whether cholecalciferol supplementation is beneficial for reducing BP in older patients with ISH. The Vitamin D in ISH (VitDISH) was conducted to identify impactof high dose cholecalciferol on blood pressure and vascular functions of older patients. Participants with ISH older than 70 years were allocated the intervention or placebo in 1: 1 ratio. The primary outcome measure with the trial medication was observed the next day. The secondary outcome measure included 24- blood pressure, marker of cardiovascular risk and endothelial function. The research finding showed that treatment group and placebo groups had no difference in systolic blood pressure. In treatment group, the systolic blood pressure decreased by 2.7 mm Hg compared to 14.9 mm Hg in placebo group. The study finding is consistent with other findings, which showed that Vitamin D supplementation leads to little reduction in BP level, and this study revealed lack of efficacy of Vitamin D in reducing blood pressure (3). Another option to interventional therapy for reducing blood pressure in elderly patients with ISH includes renal denervation and development of arteriovenous anastomosis on affected patient using ROX coupler (4). This form of innovative approach to hypertension was selected due to rise in prevalence rate of treatment-resistant hypertension despite presence of safe hypertensive drug classes (5). The purpose of the research article was to analyze the impact of ROX coupler implantation in patients with ISH compared to patient with combined hypertension (CH) as blood pressure response after renal denervation is high in patients with CH. A randomized controlled ROX hypertension study was conducted with treatment resistant hypertension participants. The measurement of baseline office systolic BP and ambulatory systolic BP in participants revealed no difference in values between patients with CH and ISH. Creation of ROX coupler led to reduction in both values (4). Hence, contrary to other r esearch, the response to ROX coupler is same in patients with CH and ISH. Review of other articles related to therapeutic options in treating ISH in elderly revealed the role of antihypertensive drug in stepped doses to eliminate risk and morbidity associated with the disease. As ISH is potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease due to stiffening of artery, the role of drug therapy has been critical in treating the condition. However, as the role of 4 major class of antihypertensive therapy (perindopril, bendrofluazide, atenolol and lercanidipine) is not clear, randomized controlled study was done with untreated systolic hypertension patient to analyze the effect of these drugs on reducing blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Following two weeks of placebo therapy and active therapy with the drugs, it was found that central PP reduced only by perindopril, bendrofluazide, lercanidipine and not atenolol. Hence, similar reduction in peripheral systolic and PP was observed with the four drugs, but central pressure and augmentation index varied. Therefo re, choice of therapy should be dependent on these variations. Advantaged and disadvantages The review of the articles related to therapeutic options for reducing BP in elderly patients with ISH reveals several strength and weakness of the study. In case for intervention related to cholecalciferol for treating ISH, modest reduction in systolic BP was clearly justified by the researcher (3). The result is consistent with another systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of Vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure, which revealed that Vitamin D supplementation is ineffective agent for lowering BP and very little response to treatment was found (7). While evaluating the effectiveness of Vitamin D implementation, no adverse event or complication was seen in participants. However, high dose was associated with increase in fall. Some of the strength of this article is that participants with wide range if comorbidity and medication used was chosen which in parallel with issues seen in real world in these patients. The intervention also helped to maintain the 250 HD leve l (3). Hence, Vitamin D supplementation may reduce the risk of cardiac failure in older people but it cannot prevent stroke in patients (8). The analysis of the research article also revealed certain weakness of the study. Firstly, this study lacked generalizability as patients with only white ethnicity was selected for the study and not other group of patient. Furthermore, frequent doses of Vitamin D are paramount to maintain serum 250 HD level and high dose might have affected the result (9). Besides this, taking small sample size limits the clinical relevance of the study for individual patients. The advantage of the arteriovenous anastomosis as an intervention for lowering blood pressure is realized due to their potential in addressing problems of recurrence of symptoms despite pharmacological treatment and adherence with medications. The ROX arteriovenous coupler helps in continued reduction of BP by adding a low resistance venous segment to the central arterial tree. Use of this coupler has been found with significant BP reduction in patient with uncontrolled hypertension (9). While analyzing the research article related to the effect of ROX coupler in reducing BP in ISH elderly patients, the reliability of the research is enhanced by proper comparison of BP reduction in patients with out without stiffened arteries after creating a ROX coupler. Therefore, arteriovenous anastomosis can be new therapeutic options for patient with ISH. The limitations in the research article are the use of small sample size for analysis and lack of consideration of direct parameters of arteri al stiffness (4). Hypertensive agent has been considered as an important therapeutic option for patients with ISH. However, due to the revision in the hypertension treatment guidelines, it is necessary to analyze the effect of different classed of antihypertensive drugs on high-risk population (11). With the change in treatment guideline, the article related to comparison of the effects of antihypertensive agent on ISH patients is considered important. The results finding supported the fact that there might be different outcomes for each class of drug and hence patients with increased aortic calcification may require destiffening therapies to promote their recovery (5). The limitations found in the research articles is that reliable data cannot be generated as changes in pulse wave velocity can be seen in patients only after they take the antihypertensive drug for many years. Hence, time constraints in research and lack of confounding variables further reduce the validity of the article (12). Discussion The critical analysis of the three articles explaining possible intervention for ISH patients illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of each intervention in promoting recovery of patients. This section explains the future course of action to strengthen the finding by means of identifying points to further strengthen the treatments options in the future (13). In case of the first article explaining the effect of certain interventions on treatment process, there is no need for further study or randomized controlled trials in ISH patients group as this study clearly justifies the reason for moderate outcomes observed from Vitamin D supplementation. This outcome is also supported from similar outcome in other research articles (3). However, non-blood pressure effects can enhance the efficacy of Vitamin D supplementation and future research can be done on this area to promote cardiovascular health in elderly (14). The contribution of this research is that it discourages high dose of intermittent cholecalciferol in treating older patients with ISH (3). The efficacy of the arteriovenous anastomosis is understood from the second article as it reduces office and arterial blood pressure in similar ways in both CH and ISH (3). It also biophysical advantage as creation of the anastomosis restores arterial compliance which tends to shift with aging and ISH. However, there are challenges in treating ISH due to lack of appropriate evidence-based guideline. Use of Antihypertensive medication poses risk to patients as it effect is influenced by vascular aging and arterial stiffness. Hence, proper assessment and clinical strategies may help to establish arteriovenous anastomosis as new therapeutic options for treating patients with ISH (15). The third article examining the effect of antihypertensive agents in ISH suggest all 4 classes of the drugs are effective in reducing blood pressure, however atenolol had a deleterious effect on PP amplification compared to other drugs (5). With this findings from the research articles, the future course of action suggested from this research study is that clinician should consider the effect of different classes of antihypertensive drug on central and brachial pressure to promote positive outcome for patients(16). Hence, the researcher highlights an urgent need to reduce arterial stiffness by analyzing the factors that determine cardiovascular outcome of patients. Conclusion The article review summarized the different therapeutical options available for reducing blood pressure in elderly patients with ISH. The analysis of interventions illustrated in three articles depicts weakness and strength of each approach in reducing the morbidity and risk associated with ISH. Out of the three interventions of antihypertensive agent, the arteriovenous anastomosis was considered as most beneficial interventions as it is associated with minimum complication and anomalies in results. Vitamin D supplementation has not been found to gives sustained relief from ISH and anti-hypertensive medications have certain varied effects for different class of drugs. Hence, alternative intervention of the arteriovenous anastomosis can be considered as an appropriate intervention after addressing little limitation in future studies. References ORourke MF, Adji A. Guidelines on guidelines: focus on isolated systolic hypertension in youth. Tsimploulis A, Sheriff HM, Lam PH, Dooley DJ, Anker MS, Papademetriou V, Fletcher RD, Faselis C, Fonarow GC, Deedwania P, White M. Systolicdiastolic hypertension versus isolated systolic hypertension and incident heart failure in older adults: Insights from the Cardiovascular Health Study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2017 Mar 1. Witham MD, Price RJ, Struthers AD, Donnan PT, Messow CM, Ford I, McMurdo ME. Cholecalciferol treatment to reduce blood pressure in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension: the VitDISH randomized controlled trial. JAMA internal medicine. 2013 Oct 14;173(18):1672-9. Ott C, Lobo MD, Sobotka PA, Mahfoud F, Stanton A, Cockcroft J, Sulke N, Dolan E, van der Giet M, Hoyer J, Furniss SS. Effect of Arteriovenous Anastomosis on Blood Pressure Reduction in Patients With Isolated Systolic Hypertension Compared With Combined Hypertension. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2016 Dec 1;5(12):e004234.Egan BM. Treatment Resistant Hypertension. Ethnicity disease. 2015;25(4):495. Mackenzie IS, McEniery CM, Dhakam Z, Brown MJ, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB. Comparison of the effects of antihypertensive agents on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2009 Aug 1;54(2):409-13. Beveridge LA, Struthers AD, Khan F, Jorde R, Scragg R, Macdonald HM, Alvarez JA, Boxer RS, Dalbeni A, Gepner AD, Isbel NM. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. JAMA internal medicine. 2015 May 1;175(5):745-54. Ford, J.A., MacLennan, G.S., Avenell, A., Bolland, M., Grey, A., Witham, M. and RECORD Trial Group, 2014. Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis.The American journal of clinical nutrition,100(3), pp.746-755. Close GL, Leckey J, Patterson M, Bradley W, Owens DJ, Fraser WD, Morton JP. The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum total 25 [OH] D concentration and physical performance: a randomised doseresponse study. British journal of sports medicine. 2013 Feb 14:bjsports-2012. Lobo MD, Sobotka PA, Stanton A, Cockcroft JR, Sulke N, Dolan E, van der Giet M, Hoyer J, Furniss SS, Foran JP, Witkowski A. Central arteriovenous anastomosis for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled hypertension (the ROX CONTROL HTN study): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2015 May 1;385(9978):1634-41. Karnes JH, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Antihypertensive medications: benefits of blood pressure lowering and hazards of metabolic effects. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy. 2009 Jun 1;7(6):689-702. Dunne SS, Dunne CP. What do people really think of generic medicines? A systematic review and critical appraisal of literature on stakeholder perceptions of generic drugs. BMC medicine. 2015 Jul 29;13(1):173. Stacey D, Lgar F, Col NF, Bennett CL, Barry MJ, Eden KB, Holmes?Rovner M, Llewellyn?Thomas H, Lyddiatt A, Thomson R, Trevena L. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. The Cochrane Library. 2014 Jan 28. Vimaleswaran KS, Cavadino A, Berry DJ, Jorde R, Dieffenbach AK, Lu C, Alves AC, Heerspink HJ, Tikkanen E, Eriksson J, Wong A. Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: a mendelian randomisation study. The lancet Diabetes endocrinology. 2014 Sep 30;2(9):719-29. Mahfoud F, Bhm M. Hypertension: Arteriovenous anastomosis [mdash] next panacea for hypertension?. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2015 Apr 1;12(4):197-8. Moran AE, Odden MC, Thanataveerat A, Tzong KY, Rasmussen PW, Guzman D, Williams L, Bibbins-Domingo K, Coxson PG, Goldman L. Cost-effectiveness of hypertension therapy according to 2014 guidelines. New England Journal of Medicine. Article Review Questions: Part A: 1) What is the author arguing? This is known as the thesis statement. This assignment is not what the article is "about"; it is what the author is trying to convince you of. 2) What is the author's research method? How does the author support her argument? 3) Which of the paradigms from class best captures the overall thrust of the article? Part B: Explain how the popular article differs from the scholarly article noted above in terms of structure and content. Answers: Part A: Argument of author: The author has very effectively made a crucial argument in respect to the variance of self employment based on their sexual orientation. It has been successfully attempted to convince through the current research work that the propensity for self employment greatly differs from the heterosexual people who are coupled. Authors Research method: The respective research article has adopted an extensive descriptive design along with post-positivism research philosophy for this particular research paper. Furthermore, the research paper has undertaken a deductive approach. The sample has been chosen with snowball non-probability sampling technique. The research paper has used descriptive statistics for describing the sample structure. In addition to that, the paper has deeply depended on the multivariate logistic regression analysis for obtaining the most suitable outcome. Supporting process of argument: In order to find out the difference between heterosexual couples and same sex partner in respect to the self employment propensity, it is evident the research work must adopt the relational analysis. In this case the multivariate logistic regression analysis is highly effective for understanding the difference between the gay men and lesbian with their heterosexual counterparts. The research work has been focused on the in and out working on occupation controls. The different models for understanding the scenario regarding the labor force excluding professionals such as veterinarians, doctors, optometrists, surgeons as well as lawyers. Suitable paradigm for the article: As the research has been relied on the quantitative research the positivism paradigm has been most appropriate for this particular research work. In addition the scientific methods of the paradigm will enhance the quality of the entire project. Moreover, the study will benefit a well structured studies and discussion for the respective research. Part B: On the one hand, the thesis paper has successfully identified the relationship between the self employment as well as sexual orientation. The paper has concentrated on the exploration of the propensity for self employment among the couples who both belong from same and opposite sex. The paper also disclosed the human capital, demographic as well as characteristics of gay and lesbian families in Canada. The paper also investigated the employment preferences of the Canadian same sex couples (Waite Denier, 2016). In addition to that, the paper also identified that gay men as well as lesbian women both are more or less inclined to be self-employed in Canada. Whilst on the other hand, the media article named by wage gap exists for LGBTQ Canadians, and current research doesnt tell the full story discloses illustrates Canada as a defender and promoter of the rights regarding LGBTQ. However, on the other hand the associated studies as well as research articles reveal the employment barriers of the workplace in Canada. There are several models has been adopted in this paper which has been influential for the conducting the research. In addition to that, the media article has been able to point out the analysis done from the 2011 National Household Survey data, disclosed that the major earning of the gay men are 5.5 per cent which is highly lesser than the heterosexual people (Wage gap exists for LGBTQ Canadians, 2016). At the same time, it pointed that lesbian women are holder of 6% greater pay scale compared to the straight women. On the contrary, the gay men are observed to be more self-employed in sport occupations, recreation, sales and service occupation, natural and applied culture. The paper has been able to indicate a crucial possibility that the gay men are inclined towards the specific employ options due to incentives of the job. It has been found out by from the findings that the services, sales and the arts have been noted to be most important area of employment. However, the media article also explained that the census data has been failed to measure the workforce barriers. The media article also expressed that the research studies have a major drawback that it is not able to address the sexual orientation, earnings as well as gender identity in the survey questionnaire. The media article has been also effective for to point out that minority groups are systematically discriminated in the work place. The major discrimination which has been identified in the media article and failed to be included in the thesis paper is lack of chance of career attainment such as promotion as well as increment. In addition to that, the media article has been able to advantages of the lesbian women in a very successful fashion. It has been observed that, the lesbian women cannot be affected due to the motherhood penalty. This will eventually raise a greater advantage whereas the straight women are bound to put their career on hold at the time of later pregnancies. In addition to that, the working mothers are considered as less committed where the career is concerned (Wage gap exists for LGBTQ Canadians, 2016). Unlike the thesis paper, the media article has discussed that the gay men tend to work for limited hours in comparison with the straight men. The major justification provided by the article is that the men can get the respite due to the income boost due to the couple of men salaries in the family. The comparison between the thesis paper as well as this particular media article has been able to identify several discrepancies. First of all, the media article has addressed a number of other factors which has not been addressed in the thesis paper. However, at the same time the thesis paper has greatly focused on the extensive evidences in support of the argument. The media article has been able to produce qualitative remarks of the sociological scholars on the topic of self employment propensity between the couples of same sex as well as opposite sex (Waite Denier, 2016). On the other hand, the thesis paper has been able to identify various relations on the basis of various models which can effectively identify the income disparities amongst the current same aged people. Reference List: Wage gap exists for LGBTQ Canadians. (2016).Yahoo Finance Canada. Retrieved 11 June 2016, Waite, S., Denier, N. (2016). Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Employment among Sameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Sex and Oppositeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Sex Couples in Canada.

Public and Private Sector Enterprises-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Discuss the differences in Financial Objectives that you are likely to face, and the changes in your strategic and Operations Decisions as a Financial Manager. Answer: Introduction The public sector entities are nowadays emphasizing on undergoing privatization with the growing importance of private sector in the economy. However, the public sector entities have to undertake major transformation in their ownership structure to become a private entity due to large differences between their objectives and mission (Preker, 2007). In this context, the present report aims to demonstrate the changes to be incurred in a state owned enterprise to private enterprise that is to be listed on the stock exchange from the perspectives of a financial manager. In this context, the reports discuss the differences in the financial objectives and the strategic and operations changes that the enterprise will face as a result of entering into the private sector. Ownership Changes in the State-owned Enterprise to enter into Private Sector The business entities operating in the private and public sector have varying goals and objectives due to large difference between their operational activities. The public-sector enterprises are under the government control whereas private sector is owned by private companies. The public and private sector entities have different stakeholder groups as public sector have the objective of satisfying the bureaucrats and politicians whereas private entities have to achieve customer satisfaction (Obadan, 2008). As such, the public-sector enterprise for becoming private has to implement major changes in their ownership structure as follows: Differences in financial objectives of State-Owned Enterprise Likely to be faced The financial management in the public and private sector has large differences due to changes in their nature of operations. The varying methods of accounting used in both the types of enterprises results in the wide difference between their financial objectives. The private sector enterprises incorporate the use of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) for developing their general purpose accounts. As such, the privet sector enterprises uses the accounting practices such as double-entry and accrual accounting practices as per the GAAP principles for ensuring financial integrity. On the contrary, the public-sector financial managers are not bound to use the GAAP principles for developing their financial statements. They carry out their bookkeeping and accounting activities as per the government laws and regulations. The financial activities of the state-owned enterprises are carried out as per the control of the legislative bodies. In addition to this, there is also large difference between the auditing practices of both the firms. The public sector enterprises are audited by the government officials where private entities auditing is done by the accounting professionals (Preker, 2007). The financial managers of the private sector enterprises have the aim of profit maximization for driving the financial growth of the company. On the other hand, the financial manager of the public-sector enterprises does not work under the motivation of maximizing the firm profitability as the government enterprises are not profit-driven. Therefore, the financial manager of the public-sector enterprises is task-oriented and works under the motivation that is intrinsic to the specific work activities. This also results in the fundamental difference between the levels of autonomy of the financial manager of both the types of enterprises. The private sector enterprises have higher level of autonomy as they possess the authority to take financial decisions that maximizes the profitability level of the entity. However, in the case of private-sector enterprises the financial managers have to face various legislative and regulator constraints and thus do not have autonomy over their decisio ns. The operational activities of the public-scetor enterprises are completely under the control of the government and this restricts the financial managers of such enterprises to act independently (Megginson, 2005). In addition to this, there are also significant differences between the budgeting activities of both the public and private sector enterprises. The public sector prepares budget to match the expenditures incurred on particular asset and services with the income realized form public in the form of taxes and fees. This in turn supports the decisions of the government officials regarding increase or decrease of taxes. However, in the private sector, the budgets are prepared for analyzing the present and future operating profitability (Andrews, 2005). Thus, it can be said that the state-owned enterprises under the context for undergoing private has to completely transform its financial procedures and actions for achieving congruence with the financial objectives of the private business entities (Lewandowski and Barbara, 2017). Changes in strategic and operations decisions as a financial manager The financial manager have to also face changes in the strategic and operational decisions of the enterprise for undergoing transformation as a private entity from being public. The financial manager in the private sector enterprises holds the responsibility of maintaining adequate cash so that it can meet its present and future operational requirements. However, in the public-sector entities, the financial manager does not have the autonomy to take decisions for maintaining the operational budgets and it is completely controlled by the government. The financial manger of the private enterprises develops and implements strategies related to improving the financial growth and development (Claessens and Laeven, 2006). This can include the tactics developed for reducing the operating expenses and increasing the income generation. Also, the financial manager develops and adopts the use of several forecasting techniques for estimating the future requirements of the cash of the business en tity. On the contrary, the public-sector enterprises financial manager only emphasize on carrying out their job activities and does not have the authority to develop and implement operational strategies. This is due to the fact that public enterprises operates only aims to serve the interest of the taxpayers and therefore its financial growth strategies are not developed by the financial manager. Therefore, it can be said that the respective state-owned enterprise have to implement major changes in its strategic and operational activities for adopting private-owned business structure (Obadan, 2008). Conclusion Thus, it can be said from the overall discussion held in the report that public and private sector enterprises have different business structure. This is because the both the type of enterprises have different ownership structure. The public sector enterprises are controlled by the government whereas private are not the part of government and operates for the sake of profit earning. Thus, for a state-owned enterprise for becoming private listed company has to completely change its ownership structure to change is mission and goals. References Andrews, M. 2005. State-Owned Banks, Stability, Privatization, and Growth: Practical Policy Decisions in a World Without Empirical Proof. International Monetary Fund. Claessens, S. and Laeven, L. 2006. A Reader in International Corporate Finance. World Bank Publications. Lewandowski, Barbara, M. 2017. Public Sector Entrepreneurship and the Integration of Innovative Business Models. IGI Global. Megginson, W. 2005. The Financial Economics of Privatization. Oxford University Press. Obadan, M.I. 2008. Economic and Social Impact of Privatisation of State-owned Enterprises in Africa. African Books Collective. Preker, A. 2007. Public Ends, Private Means: Strategic Purchasing of Health Services. World Bank Publications.

Phytoremediation to clean up environmental spills free essay sample

The rise in contaminants in the environment after the industrial revolution has led to deposition of metals, organic compounds and metalloid in high amounts in the soil. Some of the major sources of these pollutants are mining, smelting, multilateral Industries, sewage sludge treatment, fertilizers, warfare and military training, electronic industries etc. (Badmouthing and Lie 2007). There are several ways to remedial the soil chemically, physically, or biologically. However, chemical and physical treatments may seem to affect the soil properties heavily, affect biodiversity, sake soil less fertile for plant growth and can be quiet expensive too. Phototypesetting is the most cost efficient method of remediation soil without any known side effects that could severely alter the ecosystem of the location (Ophthalmology and L 2007). Table Different factors and the cost of process to remedial solo Process cost (US $/ton) Factors in affect Beatification 75-425 Requires monitoring over longer periods Land Filling 100-500 Transportation and excavation of materials. We will write a custom essay sample on Phytoremediation to clean up environmental spills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Long period monitoring. Chemical treatment I O-500 Disposal and recycling of contaminants Electronically 20-200 Monitoring over long periods Petrifaction 5_ 40 Disposal of biomass The process of using plants to remove pollutants from the environment or reduce them to harmless levels is called phototypesetting. Phototypesetting deals with clean-up of organic and Inorganic chemicals. There are four methods of phototypesetting that leads to decrease In pollutants: 1 . Rollerblading and photoengraving 1 OFF 3. Hospitalizing 4. Phytoplanktons, 5. Phytoplanktons. Reorganization and Photoengraving are the process of degradation and metallization of contaminants in the plants or in the soil, sediments, sludge, roundtable or surface water through enzymes produces and released by plants. Ere microorganisms located in the roots of the trees help in breakdown of organic contaminants into smaller inorganic products such as carbon dioxide and water and other products that are taken up by these microorganisms.As the roots grow bigger, the microbial population increases too leading to more intake and breakdown of contaminants (Third 2013). Petrifaction is removal of metals or organics from the soil by pollutant -accumulating plants by concentrating them in the harvested parts (Salt et al. 1998). Rationalization is the process of removing heavy metals from Neater using plant roots. These plants are hydroponics but grown terrestrially to remove toxic metals such as Cue+, CDC+, Cry+, NIH+, Pub+ and Zen+ from aqueous solutions (Duskiness et al. 1995).Phytoplanktons is the taking up on contaminants by plant roots especially metals and metalloid and as it travels to the leaves, it gets converted into gaseous form that evaporates through gas exchanges occurring between stomata of leaves and environment (Surest and Ravishing, 2004, Stator at al 2009). Phytoplanktons is the process of reducing availability of intimations. As most organic contaminants are allophonic, this attracts these compounds to hydrophobic surfaces on organic matter like humus, soil particle and plant cell wall components (Surest and Ravishing 2004).Development of the concept Phototypesetting is a fairly old concept as plants were used as farming progressed for beautification and remediation of soils that were either destroyed by natural calamities. Although, it was lost for 300 years, until treatment of wastewater was suggested to be treated by plants. The earliest plants used for phototypesetting Nerve Thalami curableness and Viola Calamari. Eventually, several plants were Identified that could be used for phototypesetting such as Straggles could accumulate 0. % selenium in dry shoot biomass and other plants that could tolerate and accumulate high concentrations of Co, Cue, Mn, Cd, N, Se and Zen. Tsunami 11980) and Chaney (1983) reintroduced the and developed the concept of using plants to extract metals from contaminated soil (Last 2000). Application One of the experiments concerned with testing of BP treatment by hydroponics 3. Jounce. These experiments were held in controlled environment where the roots of 3. Jounce were expose to BP concentration of 35-500 MGM/L Pub+ and grown hydroponics for 4 weeks.The amount of BP declined exponentially with time depending on the initial concentration of BP. It was observed that in the solution containing lowest BP concentration MGM/L, it took the root 42 miss to reduce the concentration by 50%, although in the extremity with solution containing highest amount of BP 500 MGM/L, it took the root about oh to reduce the concentration by 50%. It should be considered that small amount of root was immersed into the solution which can also factor into the reduction of contaminant over time. The more f larger root mass is used the reduction of contaminants could happen faster.Also in this experiment dry roots and live roots efficiency was tested, on an average the live roots were able to remove BP more effectively that dry roots (Descends 1995). Rhizomes biodegrading of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) was shows by researched of Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, it focused on diesel fuel contaminated site in Virginia, a site near Gulf of Mexico that was contaminated by crude oil. The test was done mainly to compare PHS degradation between vegetated areas compared to unevaluated area.Four plots were created of which 3 were agitated and treated while the other remained unevaluated control. The plants used for this site were Sorghum, annual regards and SST Augustine grass; the plots Nerve regularly fertilized to support the growth of indigenous micro flora on organics. Samples were regularly tested for total PHs. The testing period on Gulf Coast site Nas from August 1994- May 1995; the initial concentration of PHS varied and ranged 2000-20,000 pimp. By the end of May 1995 PHS concentration in the vegetated plots containing annual regards and SST Augustine had reduced by 50%. % reduction in PHs was observed in plot vegetated by Sorghum. Although only 25% reduction was observed in unevaluated plot (Flagman and Lana 1998). It had only been observed that hypothalamuss helped in remediation soil from heavy metals and organics, Jinni it was observed that sunflowers could remove radionuclides from pond that was contaminated in 1986 by Coherency nuclear accident. It was observed that rationalization was a successful method of treating uranium, cesium and strontium in groundwater.Experiments conducted in lab in Ohio to observe treatment of uranium wowed 95% decline in Uranium concentration (initial 100-EBPP) within ours of submergence of roots of sunflower plants in contaminated water in a mini ratio nalization system in a portable greenhouse (Coney 1996). Another successful application of phototypesetting was observed in Mary at US army testing facility here hybrid poplar trees were used in an area above shallow ground water plume polluted by organics from many toxic disposal pits. This was done to prevent spread of contaminants to nearby marsh, as the poplar trees act as hydraulic pumps.It was observed that after second growing season, the contaminated ground water plumes Nerve successfully contained with rates of 2-10 gallons of water per day for each tree. Rests done also proved that poplar trees were successful at degrading contaminants n the ground water plume (EPA 1998) Microbes in the roots of plants play a huge role in degradation of pollutants in the soil. One of the least spoken about goals of premeditation is destroying high levels of explosives in the soils by organisms around munitions sites. It was noticed that these microbes could thrive in labs andNerve successful in identifying nitrate explosives in the lab but did n ot survive in the field. The solution to this was genetic engineering; the ability of degradation was planted into the plants from microbes. These plants were successful and broke down the compounds into harmless components (DeWitt and Frederickson 1999). Although hyperactivity plants can withstand high concentration of toxicity, it is limited to certain extent and beyond the plant would not be able to survive. Unlike, other highly product plants, the potential of biomass is reduced by a considerable amountNinth hypothalamuss as they are slow growing plants and produce little biomass. Environment. This limitation has been improved by a proposed idea of transferring degradation abilities from hypothalamuss to plants that produce high amount of biomass (Last 2000). Genetically engineering plants to be acceptable for phototypesetting or to adapt to conditions in order to remedial the soil is a very controversial topic. There are various factors that make it worthy of doubt. Phototypesetting without genetic engineering may be more acceptable than genetically engineered plants due to arioso risks involved.Agricultural biotechnology has brought various advantages and risks along with its revolution. The most common risk is introducing something foreign in the environment and spread of more contaminants. These plants could also compete with native vegetation and wildlife, hence, affecting the biodiversity. The transformation of contaminants into other molecules that maybe even more harmful and potentially pose the risk of making the soil barren (Wolfe 2002). Over the decades several alternative have been considered for remediation of soil that maybe efficient and cost-effective.About 400 plant species have been identified as hypothalamuss. However, these plants can only to be used to remedial low- medium amounts of pollutants in soil. Another possibility considered, is to alter soil condition to increase accumulation and use normal plants to stabilize metals. One of the manipulations of soil is by adding escalate such as EDIT for lead, GATE for cadmium and citrate for uranium. This increases the surrounding soil solution levels of heavy metals by greater than 1000 times and this makes it easier for normal plants to uptake the metals.

Fractal Geometry Essays - Fractals, Mathematics, Abstraction

Fractal Geometry Fractal geometry is a fascinating concept of dimension and shape. After being assigned this project I was recalled to the cookie jar that is on top of the fridge that I sought after as a child. The cookie jar features an image of a chef reaching into a cookie jar that featured the same repeating image of a chef. This particular ceramic piece of art was my first thought about the concept of infinity. The pioneering genius of fractal geometry, Benoit Mandelbrot, was a highly visual thinker who earned good grades through his outstanding visual representations. He stated "Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in straight line," by which he meant that some of the shapes found in nature were not adequately measured by traditional Euclidean geometry. He also believes that fractal geometry is "the geometry of deterministic chaos" and can be used to "describe the geometry of mountains, clouds, and galaxies". Mandelbrot even coined the term fractal in 1975 from the Latin verb fragere, which means 'to break.' What I find particularly interesting about fractal geometry is that it is so modern, unlike Euclidean geometry which dates back to two thousand years ago. Euclidean geometry is defined by algebraic formulas, while fractals are the result of iterative constructive algorithm. While Euclidean geometry fits man made objects, fractal geometry accommodates objects in nature. A good example of fractal geometry in nature is the fern plant. Observing the fern from across a room, you see large individual fern leafs, but from a yard away it appears a branching limbs, each with it's own extending set of leaves. I had never thought that I could so closely tie such foreign concepts of geometry with something as simple as the structure of a plant in my own living room. To qualify as a fractal, a shape must have two particular elements, self-symmetry and fractal dimension. If a pattern has self-symmetry, it looks the same at all magnifications. Mandelbrot used a coastline to explain self-symmetry, as there is no difference between a map as made from a satellite from the same area mapped by a person surveying a small portion by foot. The fractal dimension falls between the whole numbers that define standard shapes. If one were to crumple a sheet of notebook paper if would not be not two nor three dimensional, but a fractional dimension of approximately 2 ? . Mandelbrot thus created a new language fit to describe the ornate shapes only found in the complexity of nature. Researchers have found the fractal dimension of the human lung to be 2.17. The branching bronchial tubes fill up more space than a flat surface, but less than a solid, three-dimensional object. Biological fractals can be found just about anywhere scientists care to look. This implies the idea that instead of separate construction plans, all the information needed to build a complex biological system could be contained in a few basic instructions that are continually repeated. Fractal geometry is a fascinating concept of the measure of infinity. I can spend hours on end thinking about the delightfully ornate shape that can be produced by fractals or the elaboration of simple patterns to create intricate visual figures

Chinua Achebe Essay Example

Chinua Achebe Essay Example Chinua Achebe Essay Chinua Achebe Essay Achebe says, would not dream of constructing theories to explain European with the same face? hat some Europeans assume in explaining He goes on to describe the different types of critics he and other African writers encounter frequently. Peevishly hostile?C,-1?: Angry freedom Ingratitude for colonial Then there are those who are Influenced by the common stereotype that African peoples are uneducated and can hardly believe they can write, let alone know English. Still implying that Africa is a relatively primitive place. Achebe does point out the flaws of African writers themselves that very well may indulge such critics. O worse than the : who invented an Bio hero with a Your name?C,-. ?0. While Achebe does have a serious message he manages to keep an overall light tone, addressing the inadequacies of foreign critics and the inadequacies of African writers themselves. Achebe then turns his attention to Africa Itself In ,The Role off Writer In a New Nation . Where It seems In a newly freed nation there Is much disconnect from historical culture and the Influences It has on modern Africa. Can not pretend that our past was long Technically Idyll. We have to admit had its good as well as its bad sides?C,-?C]. He calls upon African writers to help regain dignity and self respect in African Peoples. Colonization degraded the culture and customs in fact ?C,-. ? to say that a product was Bio-made was to brand it Achebe has pride in his nation and as a writer wants to embrace the past in order to the scene which is authentically Africa; then what follows will be meaningful and Achebe also mentions what he views is a crisis in his modern culture; which is the individuals acceptance of his own shoddy work. I believe he fears it will only perpetuate the negative perception of African peoples. This manifesting Itself In the publication of that Is coming out of Africa, because African Ritter have now become trendy. Societies of the past with all their Imperfections, were not consumers, but producers of Achebe believes African writers should take pride in themselves, their culture and tenet Attract. Sallying writers snouts create to, not only letter] lives the life of the Achebe continues with this voice although in a slightly different tone in, The Duty Novelist as a Teacher . Here he touches upon the more personal relationship with the reader, their criticism, their stereotypes. Society expects from its Its suggested by his readers now that he is a prevalent writer he deeds to make political and societal statements in order not to squander a rare opportunity for education on a whimsical and frivolous view is quite opposite saying, must remain free to disagree with his Achebe is still concerned with own society not accepting it? culture and history. Like in the case of the little boy who in fear of being ridiculed writes a poem about instead of C,-. ?o. Achebe believes that writers have a duty to teach others to be prideful of their background, all its imperfections?C,-1?0 that, past? not one long night of savagery from which Europeans acting on God? leaf delivered Achebe sees that Africa has been done a great injustice by colonialism, but now it is up to them to and These essays are about independence, recollection and revolution. Achebe calls upon the many flaws in the perception of Africa, but also what Africa must do for itself in order to overcome. Achebe is using his ability and freedom to write to inspire and challenge. His frustrations are counterweighted with solutions for change. He believes in modern Africa as well as its history and knows that you must embrace the past in order to perpetuate progression.

Social Administration Social Welfare Essays

Social Administration Social Welfare Essays Social Administration Social Welfare Essay Social Administration Social Welfare Essay Wong. S. L. p. 53. Indicators of social development, Hong Kong 1988. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies) also found that Chinese people in Hong Kong were reluctant in seeking assistance from the government. Over 90% of them will solve the trouble by their own, seek help from relatives and friends but not any NGOs nor from the government. As suggested by Lee, these findings are â€Å"consistent with the syndrome of utilitarianistic familiam: the larger society and the polity are kept at a distance while familial groups are relied on as the principal agents for safe-guarding and furthering one’s interests. Chow(1986) further explained that. The development of social welfare was largely ‘a history of charitable effort’. Religious organizations like Church World Service, Catholic Relief Services, Lutheran World Services; indigenous organizations like Tung Wah Group of hospitals and the Po Leung Kuk became the main providers of social welfare. There were also some mutual aids associations like clansmen associations, mutual aids societies and locality associations which provided help for destitute members by collecting subscriptions from those who were more fortunate. Their effort was mainly concentrated on relieving the very poor and their dependent members. Self-reliance People would satisfy their basic needs by their own effort rather than with government assistance, unless they tried their best effort and failed. The ideas of â€Å"no one should depend on the welfare system for more than is necessary† and â€Å"welfare should be earned by one’s effort† are further supported by the study conducted by Lau in 1990. (â€Å"Indicators if social development. Hong Kong 1990†. ) In the study majority (over 40%) of the respondents agree that welfare services should go to the most needed. Only 3. % of the respondents think that welfare should be distributed on a charity basis. Referring to the survey conducted by Lee Ming Kwan in 1988 (table 2. 4), almost half of the respondents claims that they would solve it by their own effort in case of they or their families run into financial difficulties. In contrast, only about six pe rcent of them claim that they would seek help from relevant government departments. The finding indicates that Hong Kong Chinese in general tend to put great emphasis on one’s own effort in times of adversity. This conclusion is also consistent with the findings by Lee Ming Kwan in 1990. In the survey, people were asked to identify their source of help that they would most frequently resort when there were needs in eight areas. According to the figures collected(table 2. 5), when the family was troubled by financial problems, 27% of the respondents would seek help from oneself while none of the respondents would seek help from social services. When difficulties occurred in work or career, over 45% of the respondents would work them out by oneself. In general, close kin, relatives, neighbors, workmates and friends had all been active in the respondent’s help-seeking network. Table 2. 5- persons from whom one sought help (%) (extract) | |When there was someone |When the family was |When difficulties |When one was upset and |When one needed advice or | | |sick in the family |troubled by financial |occurred in work or |needed someone to talk |information on certain | | | |problems |career |to |matters | |Oneself |45. 3 |27 |46. |20. 4 |13 | |Spouse |20. 4 |20. 6 |9. 5 |27. 3 |10. 2 | |Children |5. 5 |7. 6 |0. 9 |2. 4 |4. 3 | |Parents |13 |17. 1 |3. 7 |1. 9 |2. 4 | |Spouse’s kin |2. 6 |0. |0 |0. 2 |0. 4 | |Siblings |5. 5 |5. 7 |2. 8 |1. 9 |4 | |Other relatives |0. 7 |1. 9 |4 |0. 7 |1. 4 | |Workmates |0 |0. 7 |0 |1. 4 |5. 2 | |Neighbors |0. |0 |4 |0. 7 |0. 9 | |Friends |0. 4 |10 |1. 8 |33. 2 |39. 4 | |Buying services |0. 5 |0 |0. 4 |0 |1. 7 | |Social services |1. 4 |0 |0. 9 |0. 2 |1. | |Others |0. 7 |0. 5 |0. 4 |1. 2 |1. 7 | |Don’t know/ not |4. 7 |8. 1 |9. 3 |8. 6 |14. 7 | |applicable | | | | | | Other Reasons Living under ‘borrowed time and borrowed place’, the young people stroke no roots in Hong Kong. As people came to make money and went away all the time, Hong Kong people felt that there was no need to care for the well being of others who just happened to be living in the same community for a while. A short term horizon was developed as a result. People were generally reluctant to commit resources to uncertain long term future. Welfare programmes thus lacked long term goals. As a highly commercialized and industrialized society, Hong Kong has often been described as a city where no one is concerned about the well-being of other people. As upward social mobility through political channel was blocked under British colonial rule, people could only place emphasis on economic pursuits. They were thus often characterized to be highly egoistic, materialistic and pragmatic. A lukewarm attitude towards the government and other matters outside personal orbit was shared among majority of Hong Kong people. The better-off class was unwilling to share resources with the poor. Fighting for more social benefits from the government was something undesirable as this might disrupt order and stability. They just wanted to maintain the status quo. ) Changes in people’s values and attitudes towards social welfare Political change – democratization and the change of sovereignty Hong Kong has been undergoing a gradual process of democratization since the 1970s. There was the first election of District Board in 1981. Before 1985, members of Hong Kongs Legislative Council received executive appointment. They served as an advis ory body for the colonial governor and had no power to introduce legislation or overturn acts of the executive. The British colonial government began to introduce democratic reforms into Hong Kongs legislature after the signing of the Joint Declaration in 1984. Beginning in 1985 these representatives were elected by professionals from functional constituencies. It was not until 1991 that any part of the legislature was elected directly through geographically defined constituencies. After 1989 Tiananmen Massacre in Beijing, Governor Patten was sent to Hong Kong to further accelerate the democratization process. The voting age was lowered and the number of voters selecting LegCo seats through indirect elections was raised. Under such reforms, Hong Kong people have become more politically socialized. Through the experience of election and political participation, the Hong Kong people have become more aware of their rights, including their right to social welfare. The change of sovereignty in 1997 also contributed to an increasing social expectation on the government. The handover has enhanced sense of belonging among the Hong Kong people and they now expect their own government to be more responsive to their needs. It is submitted that the introduction of the Principle Official Accountability System is also another reason for the rise of expectation on the government. Breakdown of traditional family system Nowadays, the family system is losing most of its traditional functions. With high percentage of old people, increasing number of young mothers going out to work, escalating incidence of divorce and higher number of domestic violence reports, family may no longer be acting as an institution where emotional, social and financial support can be provided. Instead, the family is now shedding most of its responsibilities on the society and people expect more from the government. Also, with the change in family structure and increasing economic difficulties, some problems may be so burdensome that is beyond what a family can handle. Many look to government for help as a result. . Economic difficulties The Hong Kong society is facing many challenges today. Economic restructuring, rapid ageing population and erosion of family functioning are some of the biggest challenges identified by the Hong Kong Council of Social Services. The new mode of business operation due to technological globalization causes structural job displacement and leads to high rate of unemployment. The ageing of baby-boomed generation increases financial burden of the family and our society. According to a survey conducted by the Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 59. % respondents considered social cause as the reason for poverty. Only 14. 2% considered individual problem as cause of poverty. As most people believe that it is not their fault or laziness which makes them poor, they expect the government to give them more help. It should be noted that not only the grassroots, but also the middle class has adopted a more active attitud es towards public affairs. In the past, the middle class as a whole seldom took up class-specific issues through collective action. However, many middle class families now find that they no longer have a secure future to look to. Some are even suffering negative equity. In the July 1st parade, the middle class was actually the backbone of the protest. This shows that the middle class is no longer apathetic with social issues now. More aware of rights as a citizen People become more aware of their rights as citizens and their social awareness were increased, more attention have been given to the issues on welfare services and social policy. According to the study conducted by Wong Chack-kie in 1993 (indicators of social development Hong Kong 1993), public welfare represents a contract of rights and duties among citizens of a society, and the Government’s welfare responsibility is supported. Table 3. 1. Government’s welfare responsibility (%) | |disagree |average |agree |Don’t know | |1. providing medial care for the sick |2. 1 |5 |91. 1 |1. 8 | |2. providing care for the elderly |3. 3 |6. 5 |88. 1 |2. 1 | |3. providing financial subsidy to university students |2. 4 |5. 9 |87. 8 |3. | |from low income families | | | | | |4. reducing the gap between rich and poor |10. 7 |6. 2 |75. 3 |7. 7 | |5. improving living standards of single-parent |13. 6 |11 |70 |5. 4 | |families | | | | | |6. providing unemployment benefits |14. |11 |69. 8 |4. 5 | |7. providing subsidies to new immigrants from mainland|65. 5 |12. 2 |14. 9 |7. 4 | |China | | | | | This change is largely brought about by political factors which made public opinions more reflected. Political parties in the 90’s joined the legislative council and exerted pressure on government’s social policy formulation. People were taken part into the vote as the legislation of social policy was opened to the public, so people’s awareness of the rights to receive social welfare services were raised. In addition, democratic parties’ campaigns encouraged the development of social welfare. For example, in 1991, â€Å"one man one vote† was realized and eighteen members were directly elected in the Legislative Council. More issues related to social welfare policy were being discussed in the Legislature afterwards. The set up of the District Board also encourage the expression of opinions towards public welfare. The responsibilities of the District Board is to advice the District Management Committee on the well being of district residents and on the provision and use of public services and the priorities of government programs. Citizens who had lived in Hong Kong for seven years would have the right to vote and elect their representatives to reflect their ideas on the government’s social welfare policy. Although the District Board had a limited authority and no power to the legislation of the social policy, the public could express their opinions through the District Board. Members of the District Board gave vote to the problems and needs, which are uppermost in the minds of the people of the District. It made suggestions for improvement of social welfare. For the sake of receiving better social welfare services, people would voice out their opinions and suggestions. Growing demand on quality social services provided by the government After the change of sovereignty in 1997, people have higher expectations on the government and are more demanding in terms of social services provision. After the 1st July 1997, Hong Kong became the special administrative region (SAR) of China and the British colonial government no longer holds the sovereignty. The government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) announced that social welfare, including the extent of education, housing and elderly care, would be carried out efficiently in order to improve peoples’ life. In the past, people felt helpless under the colonial ruling and the self-reliance id eology was formed. After the transition of sovereignty in 1997, people began to expect more on the government as their â€Å"own government† rather than a government in a â€Å"borrowed time† and at a â€Å"borrowed place†. People are less reluctant in seeking government’s assistance. Hong Kong’s economy has been in decline for some time. After 1997, GDP growth slowed to 2. 3 percent a year, compared to 5 percent previously. Structural unemployment arises due to the offshoring of jobs to low-cost economies, and business process improvements in which redesign of operating processes and IT-enabled process redesign reduce the number pf people that need to be employed. The portion of respondents perceiving â€Å"government assistance† to be the best way in meeting personal needs has almost doubled from 4. 7% to 8. 6% from 1998 to 2001. This drastic increase could partly be attributed to the economic turmoil which disables many in meeting their basic needs, thus turning to the government for assistance under no choice. d) Traditional values towards social welfare that are still commonly uphold Self-reliance and reliance on family The upholding value of self-reliance could be reflected in the survey conducted by C. K. Wong and K. Y. Wong in 1998. Referring to table 3. 3, comparing the figures obtained in 1998 and 2001. For each year, around seventy percent of the respondents have the perception that one’s own effort in the best way in meeting personal needs. The rather stable figures indicate that self-reliance is still a commonly uphold concept among Hong Kong Chinese in general. A survey was conducted by Leung Sai-wing in 1997 to study how people assess the extent of poverty in Hong Kong. A great majority of the respondents chose individual failure from the answer categories as the main reason for Hong Kong Chinese being poor. including â€Å"the poor are lazy and lack of willpower†, â€Å"they do not have good educational qualification†, â€Å"they do not know how to speculate†, â€Å"they have been unlucky†, â€Å"they have unhealthy habits† and â€Å"their children do not support their living†). The one-fourth of respondents choosing â€Å"injustice in society† migh t be attributed to their dissatisfaction with the present institutional arrangement of wealth distribution. Anyway, the majority of them still explain poverty in terms of individual failure, which reflects people’s emphasis on self-reliance. Table 4. 1. Main reasons for Hong Kong Chinese being poor (%) |Because of injustice in society |23. 3 | |Because of their laziness and lack of willpower |22. 2 | |Because they do not have good educational qualification |19. 9 | e) Conclusion There is a value shift of Hong Kong people’s views towards social welfare as comparing to the past. Though people are usually referring social welfare to a narrow definition of providing help to those who are poor and needy, we, in recent years, discover that there has been progress in people’s perception of the term ‘social welfare’. People are trying to interpret the term in a boarder sense. They are also more open-minded towards social welfare and dependency on the government nowadays is more common than before, though we should not overlook the existent of the self-reliance ideology in the mind of many Hong Kong people. There is a growing urge for social assistance particularly due to the worsening of economic condition. It is not surprising that government spending on social welfare has been increasing over years. Thus, it is very true that government’s effort in welfare provision is directly related to people’s attitudes towards welfare. Reference: Lau. S. K. , Lee. lM. K, Wan. P. S, Wong. S. L. (1999, 2001). Indicators of social development, Hong Kong 1997 Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Wong. C. K. , Chow K. Wong K. Y. (1998). The assessment of social welfare policy : the views of Hong Kong people. HK: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Lau. S. K. , Lee. M. K, Wan. P. S, Wong. S. L. (1995, 1998). Indicators of social development, Hong Kong 1993 Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Lau. S. K. (1991). Society and politics in Hong Kong. HK: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Lau. S. K, Kuan. H. C. (1988). The ethos of Hong Kong Chinese. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press

British Poor Law Reform in the Industrial Revolution

British Poor Law Reform in the Industrial Revolution One of the most infamous British laws of the modern age was the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. It was designed to deal with the rising costs of poor relief, and reform a system from the Elizabethan era unable to cope with the urbanization and industrialization of the Industrial Revolution (more on coal, iron, steam) by sending all able-bodied people in need of poor relief into workhouses where conditions were deliberately harsh. The State of Poverty Relief Before the Nineteenth Century The treatment of the poor in Britain before the major nineteenth-century laws depended on a large element of charity. The middle class paid a Parish poor rate and often saw the increasing poverty of the era merely as a financial worry. They often wanted the cheapest, or most cost-effective, way of treating the poor. There was little engagement with the causes of poverty, which ranged from illness, poor education, disease, disability, underemployment, and poor transport preventing movement to regions with more jobs, to economic changes which removed domestic industry and agricultural changes which left many without jobs. Poor harvests caused grain prices to rise, and high housing prices led to greater debt. Instead, Britain largely viewed the poor as one of two types. The ‘deserving’ poor, those who were old, handicapped, infirm or too young to work, were considered blameless as they obviously couldn’t work, and their numbers stayed more or less even across the eighteenth century. On the other hand, the able-bodied who were without work were considered ‘undeserving’ poor, thought of as lazy drunkards who could have got a job if they needed one. People simply didn’t realize at this point how the changing economy could affect workers. Poverty was also feared. Some worried about deprivation, those in charge worried about the increase in expenditure needed to deal with them, as well as a widely perceived threat of revolution and anarchy. Legal Developments Before the Nineteenth Century The great Elizabethan Poor Law Act was passed at the start of the seventeenth century. This was designed to fit the needs of the static, rural English society of the time, not that of the industrializing centuries afterward. A poor rate was levied to pay for the poor, and the parish was the unit of administration. Unpaid, local Justices of the Peace administered the relief, which was supplemented by local charity. The act was motivated by the need to secure public order. Outdoor relief – giving money or supplies to people on the street – was coupled with indoor relief, where people had to enter a ‘Workhouse’ or similar ‘correctional’ facility, where everything they did was tightly controlled. The 1662 Act of Settlement acted to cover up a loophole in the system, under which parishes were shipping sick and destitute people into other areas. Now you could only receive relief in your area of birth, marriage or long-term living. A certificate was produced, and the poor had to present this if they moved, to say where they came from, impinging on freedom of labor movement. A 1722 act made it easier to set up workhouses into which to funnel your poor, and provided an early ‘test’ to see if people should be forced in. Sixty years later more laws made it cheaper to create a workhouse, allowing parishes to team up to create one. Although the workhouses were meant for the able-bodied, at this point it was mainly the infirm that were sent to them. However, the Act of 1796 removed the 1722 workhouse act when it became clear a period of mass unemployment would fill the workhouses. The Old Poor Law The result was the absence of a real system. As everything was based on the parish, there was a huge amount of regional diversity. Some areas used mainly outdoor relief, some provided work for the poor, others used workhouses. Substantial power over the poor was given to local people, who ranged from honest and interested to dishonest and bigoted. The whole poor law system was unaccountable and unprofessional. Forms of relief could include each rate payer agreeing to support a certain number of workers – depending on their poor rate assessment - or just paying wages. The ‘rounds’ system saw laborers sent round the parish until they found work. An allowance system, where food or money was given out to people on a sliding scale according to family size, was used in some areas, but this was believed to encourage idleness and poor fiscal policy among the (potentially) poor. The Speenhamland System was created in 1795 in Berkshire. A stop-gap system to stave off mass destitution, it was created by the magistrates of Speen and quickly adopted around England. Their motivation was a set of crises which occurred in the 1790s: rising population, enclosure, wartime prices, bad harvests, and fear of a British French Revolution. The results of these systems were that farmers kept wages down as the parish would make up the shortfall, effectively giving employers relief as well as the poor. While many were saved from starvation, others were degraded by doing their work but still needing poor relief to make their earnings economically viable. The Push to Reform Poverty was far from a new problem when steps were taken to reform the poor law in the nineteenth century, but the industrial revolution had changed the way poverty was viewed, and the impact it had. The rapid growth of dense urban areas with their problems of public health, housing, crime, and poverty was clearly not suited to the old system. One pressure to reform the poor relief system came from the rising cost of the poor rate which rapidly increased. Poor-rate payers began to see poor relief as a financial problem, not fully understanding the effects of war, and poor relief grew to 2% of the Gross National Income. This difficulty was not spread evenly over England, and the depressed south, near London, was hit hardest. In addition, influential people were beginning to see the poor law as out of date, wasteful, and a threat to both the economy and the free movement of labor, as well as encouraging large families, idleness, and drinking. The Swing Riots of 1830 further encouraged demands for new, harsher, measures on the poor. The Poor Law Report of 1834 Parliamentary commissions in 1817 and 1824 had criticized the old system  but offered no alternatives. In 1834 this changed with the creation of the Royal Commission of Edwin Chadwick and Nassau Senior, men who wanted to reform the poor law on a utilitarian basis. Critical of amateur organization and desirous for greater uniformity, they aimed for the ‘greatest happiness for the greatest number.’ The resulting Poor Law Report of 1834 had is widely regarded as a classic text in social history. The commission sent out questionnaires to over 15,000 parishes and only heard back from around 10%. Then they send assistant commissioners to roughly a third of all poor law authorities. They were not seeking to end the causes of poverty – it was considered inevitable, and necessary for cheap labor – but to change how the poor was treated. The result was an attack on the old poor law, saying it was costly, badly run, out of date, too regionalized and encouraged indolence and vice. The suggested alternative was the strict implementation of Bentham’s pain-pleasure principle: the destitute would have to balance the pain of the workhouse against getting a job. Relief would be given for the able-bodied only in the workhouse, and abolished outside it, while the state of the workhouse should be lower than that of the poorest, but still employed, laborer. This was ‘less eligibility’. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act A direct response to the 1834 report, the PLAA created a new central body to oversee poor law, with Chadwick as secretary. They sent out assistant commissioners to oversee the creation of workhouses and the implementation of the act. Parishes were grouped into unions for better administration – 13,427 parishes into 573 unions – and each had a board of guardians elected by ratepayers. Less eligibility was accepted as a key idea, but outdoor relief for the able-bodied wasn’t abolished after political opposition. New workhouses were built for them, at the expense of the parishes, and a paid matron and master would be in charge of the difficult balance of keeping workhouse life lower than paid labor, but still humane. As the able-bodied could often get outdoor relief, the workhouses filled with the sick and old. It took until 1868 for the entire country to be unionized, but the boards worked hard to provide efficient and occasionally humane services, despite sometimes difficult agglomerations of parishes. Salaried officials replaced volunteers, providing a major development in local government services and the collection of other information for policy changes (e.g. Chadwick’s use of the poor law health officers to reform public health legislation). Education of poor children was begun inside. There was opposition, such as the politician who referred to it as the â€Å"starvation and infanticide act†, and several locations saw violence. However, opposition gradually declined as the economy improved, and after the system became more flexible when Chadwick was removed from power in 1841. Workhouses tended to swing from nearly empty to full depending on the bouts of periodic unemployment, and the conditions depended on the generosity of the staff working there. The events in Andover, which caused a scandal for the poor treatment, were unusual rather than typical, but a select committee was created in 1846 which created a new Poor Law Board with a president who sat in parliament. Criticism of the Act The evidence of the commissioners has been called into question. The poor rate was not necessarily higher in areas making large-scale use of the Speenhamland system and their judgments on what caused poverty were wrong. The idea that high birth rates were connected to allowance systems is now also largely rejected. Poor rate expenditure was already falling by 1818, and the Speenhamland system was able to mostly disappear by 1834, but this was ignored. The nature of unemployment in industrial areas, created by the cyclical employment cycle, was also misidentified. There was criticism at the time, from campaigners who highlighted the inhumanity of the workhouses, to Justices of the Peace upset they had lost power, to radicals concerned with civil liberties. But the act was the first national, monitored central government program for poor relief. Outcome The basic demands of the act weren’t being properly implemented by the 1840s, and in the 1860s the unemployment caused by the American Civil War and the collapse of cotton supplies led to outdoor relief returning. People began to look at the causes of poverty, rather than simply reacting to ideas of unemployment and allowance systems. Ultimately, while the costs of poor relief initially fell, much of this was due to the return of peace in Europe, and the rate rose again as the population rose.